Thinking Thursday

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Thinking Thursday

• A ladder hangs over the side of a ship anchored
  in a port. The bottom rung touches the water. The
  distance between rungs is 20 cm and the length of
  the ladder is 180 cm. The tide is rising at the
  rate of 15 cm each hour.When will the water
  reach the seventh rung from the top?

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Answer

• If the tide is raising water, then it is raising
  the ship on water, too. So water will reach still
  the first rung.

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Schism to Crusades

• 800-1270

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Middle Ages

• Spans 476 (Fall of Rome) 1600 (The
  Enlightenment)
• The High Middle Ages 800-1300
• Marked by
• Thriving intellectual life
• Standardization of Church Practice and
  Architecture
• New Political and Economic Arrangements
• Absolute Christendom
• Breakdown of centralized power
• Attacks by non-Christian civilizations
• Church intertwined with state, social, economic
  and military activity

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Growing East-West Tensions

• Emperor in Constantinople thought himself the
  only Roman emperor ? no control over the West
• Each side of the empire had unique difficulties
  which caused its political structure to develop
  differently in relation to the Church (i.e., role
  of ruler)
• Patriarch of Constantinople grew to equal
  importance of the Pope in Eastern Christianity.
  the west didnt share the same regard for the PoC
  ? tensions developed over who had the right to
  make decisions

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Remember- Papal Primacy
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• East-West Tensions
• Westerners speak Latin
• Easterners speak Greek
• What are some problems that might occur?
• Differences in practices developed ex rules
  about fasting, celibacy of clergy
• Spirituality of the East tended towards
  experiencing the mystical, whereas the West
  sought to explain mysteries

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The East-West Schism

• Building since Chalcedon in 451
• Final Split 1054 - fundamental issue authority
  of the Pope
• OTHER BIG ISSUES
• Western Changes
• Language Greek v. Latin
• Customs such as celibacy v. married clergy
• Church-State relationships Pope was very
  involved in politics
• Iconoclastic Controversy images as idolatry?
• Filioque Controversy
• Papal Primacy

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East-West Schism

• Iconoclast Controversy 725-843
• Icon (image) Clast (break)
• Background
• -Judaism and Islam discourage/condemn the use of
  images of the sacred
• - Christianity had a tradition of sacred imagery
  seen as helpful especially for the illiterate
• 726 Eastern Emperor Leo outlawed icons as
  idolatry and had 1000s destroyed (he was backed
  by the Partiarch of Constantinople)

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Rally Robin 20 sec with your front/back Partner

• How can/do Icons help you in your faith life?
• Do you think Icons are more helpful or harmful?
  Why?

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Icons
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• Pope Gregory II Eastern Emperor did not have the
  authority to interfere
• Lasted 50 years involved battles!
• What does the Church do when it has an issue or
  controversy?

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2nd Council of Nicaea

• (787) ruled that icons were fine.
• Issues
• The Pope asserted power over the Patriarch of
  Constantinople
• The Byzantine Emperors authority over the Church
  was negated.

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East-West Schism

• Filioque Controversy
• Nicaea said from the father
• Later some wanted clarity so they changed it to
  say From the father and the son.
• Charlemagne wanted unity so he made the change
  universal
• Eastern Christians resented the change because it
  was made by a secular leader and they werent
  consulted
• To the West, the Eastern Christians seemed to be
  bordering on Arianism because the change was
  intended to strengthen the anti-Arian stance
• Became a huge issue to both sides

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Nicene Creed

• I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver
  of life,who proceeds from the Father and the
  Son,who with the Father and the Son is adored
  and glorified,who has spoken through the
  prophets.

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East-West Schism

• The Players
• Patriarch Michael Cerulaurius
• Anti Latin
• Objection to Western Practices i.e. celibacy,
  fasting on Saturdays, beardlessness.
• Closed Latin parishes in the East
• Trampled consecrated hosts from the Latin
  churches!
• Cardinal Humbert (W)
• Representative of Pope Leo IX.
• Excommunicated Patriarch Michael Cerularius of
  Constantinople (E) by placing a decree of
  excommunication on the altar of the Hagia Sophia
• Not the most diplomatic man
• Patriarch Cerularius then excommunicated the
  Pope!

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End of the Greek Schism?

• Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-1445) reached
  an accord ? bull of reunion issued in December,
  1452
• Short lived The Christian Eastern Empire
  completely fell May, 1453 when Mahomet II took
  Constantinople no organized way to reunite
  remained.

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East West SchismToday

• Endures to this day but were on good terms with
  each other
• Orthodox Churches are not in union with the RCC
• Ex Greek Orthodox
• Eastern Rite Catholic Churches are in union with
  the RCC they are culturally Eastern, but
  recognize the supremacy of the Pope
• Ex Byzantine Catholic
• Epiphany of Our Lord Byzantine Catholic Church,
  Annandale

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Feudalism

• A social form of interlocking relationships
  based on the use of land in payment for military
  services

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Feudalism
Vassal someone who is subject to another. They
exist on every level from lords down
King Landowner of the entire Kingdom
Lord Ran the manner and provided for the
wellbeing of the manor. Often a vassal of a more
powerful ruler. Promised respect, obedience and
taxes to the King.
Knights Fought for the Lord of the manor if
required. More cultured than the average serf.
Serfs Took care of the land and livestock. Paid
rent to the lord of the land. Over 90 of people
in Western Europe were serfs.
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Impacts of Feudalism

1. People viewed all of reality in terms of levels
   of authority and importance. The Great Chain of
   Being is the application of a hierarchical view
   to spirituality.

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Impact of Feudalism

1. The Church was the largest landowner. Bishops
   and abbots/abbesses (heads of monasteries)
   functioned as lords of manors. They issued
   money, judged lawsuits, and fought in battles.
2. Firmly established the Church Hierarchy which
   functioned in much the same way as the societal
   hierarchy of feudalism.

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Church Hierarchy
Pope Earthly head of the Roman Church
Bishops Head of a local Church (Diocese).
Subject to the Pope
Clergy and Religious Includes Priests,
Monks/Brothers, Nuns/Sisters.
Laypeople Includes all un-ordained people
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Challenges Facing the Church

• Hard to define Church-State relationships
• Charlemagne said Emperor controlled the Church,
  the popes job was to pray for it
• Pope Nicholas I said Pope governs the Church,
  the Emperors job is to protect it
• After Pope Leo IIIs death in 816, wealthy Roman
  families saw papacy as a personal prize to be
  passed among them
• 816-1016 mostly weak popes, but generally good
  men.

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Corruption within the Church

• Pope is seen as a political pawn rather than
  pious spiritual leader.
• 800-1073 marked by weak or corrupt popes.
• Lay investiture Secular rulers were choosing
  bishops, priests, abbots and abbesses
• Simony The buying and selling of Church offices
• Disregard for Celibacy Many priests and bishops
  lived with women they werent married to and had
  children

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Corruption Opportunity for reform

• Pope St. Gregory VII 1073-1085
• Born Hildebrand
• Was a Cluniac Monk and became pope at the age of
  53
• Extremely smart, hardworking, had an iron will,
  very energetic.
• Insisted on clerical celibacy
• Ended simony and lay investiture
• Wrote Dictates of the Pope 27 propositions that
  spelled out the relationship between papal and
  secular authority
• Major issues with Henry IV over lay investiture
  ?Henry is excommunicated

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Lay Investiture Controversy- Henry IV

• Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV - Appoints his own
  Bishop in Milan
• Pope St. Gregory VII Warns the emperor then
  deposes and excommunicates Henry IV.
• "Hildebrand, no longer pope but a false monk"
  "I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all
  my bishops say to thee 'Descend! Descend, thou
  ever accursed.' Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor
• "I depose him from the government of the whole
  Kingdom of Germany and Italy, release all
  Christians from their oath of allegiance, forbid
  him to be obeyed as king . . . and as thy
  successor bind him with the fetters of anathema
  Gregory VII.

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Lay Investiture Continued

• "
• German Bishops own about 2/3 of land in Germany,
  Henry IV is stuck and must repent and ask for the
  Popes forgiveness.
• January 25, 1077 Henry IV goes to Canossa Italy
  to reconcile with the Pope.
• Gregory VII refuses to see the emperor and Henry
  IV waits outside in the snow for 3 days!
• At the prompting of an important monk Hugh of
  Cluny, Gregory VII receives Henry IV and takes
  away the excommunication.
• Symbolic victory for the Papacy- the Holy Roman
  Emperor succumbed to the Pope. However Henry IV a
  year later elects his own Pope Clement III (an
  anti-pope).
• Concordat of Worms Ends the Investiture
  controversy. Popes and bishops are elected by
  the conclave.

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Make your Own Coat of Arms

• 1. Last Name on banner
• 2. Motto
• 3. Design/Symbol(s) should be representative of
  you or your family.

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Teambuilding Tuesday

• Round Robin share with you your group what your
  plans are after you graduate?

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Timed Round Robin

• 1. THINK -30 sec.
• 2. Round Robin Discussion 20 sec each.
• Why is education important?

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University System

• Developed by the Catholic Church in the Middle
  Ages.
• Having courses, professors, exams, and degrees
  was established by the Church
• Distinction between undergraduate and graduate
  studies.
• Students were granted special rights by the Pope,
  similar to the rights and benefits that clergy
  had.
• Studied the liberal arts grammar, logic,
  rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.
  

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The Church and the University System

• Universities were given charters by the Pope or
  the King. The Church played a pivotal role in
  encouraging Universities and education.
• Some 81 universities had been established by the
  time of the Reformation. Of these 33 possessed a
  papal charter, 15 a royal or imperial one, 20
  possessed both, and 13 had none
• - Degrees from Papal backed schools were
  recognized everywhere in Christendom. Degrees
  from schools only backed by the King were only
  recognized in the Kingdom.
• Students were give special legal status similar
  what clergy had had.
• I.E. Cases in a special course, extremely severe
  crime to strike a student

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• According to historian of science Edward Grant,
  the creation of the university, the commitment to
  reason and rational argument, and the overall
  spirit of inquiry that characterized medieval
  intellectual life amounted to "a gift from the
  Latin Middle Ages to the modern worldthough it
  is a gift that may never be acknowledged

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Famous Medieval Universities

• Oxford
• Cambridge
• Paris
• Padua,
• Krakow
• NAME THAT UNIVERSITY LOCATION!!!

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Europe University of Paris
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Europe Oxford University
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America Kansas University
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America Kansas State
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America Syracuse University
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Europe Cambridge University
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America Duke university
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Europe Bologna University
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America NC State University
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America Belmont Abbey College
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• Why do these Universities have similar
  architecture?

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Scholasticism

• The system of theological and philosophical
  teaching predominant in the Middle Ages, based
  chiefly upon the authority of the church fathers
  and of Aristotle and his commentators. Narrow
  adherence to traditional teachings, doctrines, or
  methods.
• Characterized by a focus on reason and logic.
• Deep intellectual thought
• Thinking about, understanding and discussing
  theology, philosophy and reality.
• Important way of thinking that furthered
  Philosophy and Theology
• How many angels can dance on the head of a
  pin?

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Early Church Reforms

• Cluny
• Duke William of Aquitaine gave a tract of land to
  the Church for a monastery under the leadership
  of Berno
• Intended to be a serious monastery and example of
  spiritual life in the midst of corruption
• Strictly observed the Rule of St. Benedict
  emphasized prayer (Divine Office)
• Members of Cluny became highly influential
  Artists, Activists, Political advisers, Promoters
  of the Truce of God
• Reforms stemming from Cluny Cluniac Reforms

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St. Thomas Aquinas

• 1226-1274
• Patron Saint of Universities and Students.
• Wrote the Summa Theologica a 5 volume work on
  theology that was never finished.
• Became a Dominican and studied under St. Albert
  the Great.
• Nicknamed the Dumb Ox because of his large size
  and quiet shyness. Was actually a very
  intelligent and good student.
• Named a Doctor of the Church
• His work has been pivotal in the advancement of
  Theology and philosophy.
• Ex. Thomas 5 proofs for the existence of God!

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Would you Rather?

• Would you rather be in a stable unchanging
  comfortable community or a begging sojourner with
  a few good friends?
• Why?

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Bernard and the Cistercians

• St. Bernard of Clairvaux Dynamic character and
  leader. Helped bring about the popularity of the
  Cistercian Order
• Cistercian Order Sought a more literal and
  simplistic interpretation of The Rule of St.
  Benedict.
• Focused on manual labor
• Cistercian derives from the town of Citeaux

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New Religious Orders

• Mendicants
• Wandering monks or friars who begged and lived
  very strict poverty ?combating corruption
• Radical because for many becoming a religious was
  a way to get ahead in life (i.e., and
  education)
• Main examples
• Order of Preachers (Dominicans)
• Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans)

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St. Francis of Assisi

• 1181-1226
• Established the Order of the Friars Minor among
  other orders.
• Gave up his rich inheritance and opted for
  poverty.
• His poverty and example were very radical for
  this time.
• He gained many followers and began a very
  important movement within the Church.

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St. Dominic

• 1170-1221
• Preached against the Albigensians heresy
• Founded the Dominican Order

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St. Albert the Great and St. Bonaventure

• Known as the teacher of everything there is to
  know.
• Patron St. of Scientists.
• Taught St. Thomas Aquinas.

• 1221-1274
• Franciscan Friar
• Became leader of the Franciscans at 35.

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Bl. Dons Scotus

• known for his theology on the Absolute Kingship
  of Jesus Christ, the Immaculate Conception of the
  Blessed Virgin Mary, and his philosophic
  refutation of evolution.
• Known as Marian Doctor

• The greatest Franciscan theologian in history.

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Thomas A. Kempus

• Wrote the Imitation of Christ. (1418).
• Written in conversation between Christ and
  disciple.
• What most of all hinders heavenly consolation is
  that you are too slow in turning yourself to
  prayer

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Gothic Architecture

• Developed by French
• Reflects the time and money that the medieval
  world invested in the praise of God.
• The Architecture serves a purpose.
• Brings one closer to God
• Shows praise and gives Glory to God
• Reveals the majesty and beauty of God.
• http//www.patheos.com/blogs/badcatholic/2012/09/i
  n-defense-of-nice-churches.html

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• Thought for the Day St. Albert the Great was
  convinced that all creation spoke of God and that
  the tiniest piece of scientific knowledge told us
  something about Him. Besides the Bible, God has
  given us the book of creation revealing something
  of His wisdom and power. In creation, Albert saw
  the hand of God.