The Renaissance and Reformation

1
The Renaissance and Reformation

• Chapter 17

2
The Italian Renaissance

• Renaissance means rebirth.

• The Renaissance in Europea rebirth of interest
  in art and learningoccurred between 1350 and
  1550.

• During the Renaissance, Europeans believed that
  people could change the world and make it better.

3
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)

• Though they were still religious, they celebrated
  human achievements and became more secular,
  meaning they were more interested in the world
  than in religion.

• The Renaissance began in Italy.

• Italy had been the center of the Roman Empire.

4
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)

• The country had also become very wealthy so it
  could afford to pay artists to create art.

• Because Italy was still divided into small
  city-states, individuals wanted to create works
  that would increase the fame of their cities.

• Florence and Venice were important city-states
  during the Renaissance.

5
The Italian Renaissance (cont.)

• More people in Italy lived in the city-states
  than in the country.

• The artists in the city-states had more customers
  to buy their work.

6
The Rise of Italys City-States

• No one ruler was able to unite all of Italy.

• This did not occur, in part, because the Catholic
  Church wanted to prevent a strong ruler from
  controlling the pope and the Church.

• Another factor was that the small city-states
  were equally powerful and wealthy.

7
The Rise of Italys City-States (cont.)

• Italy was in a perfect location for trade.

• The Italians traded with the French, Spanish,
  Dutch, English, Turks, Arabs, and Byzantines.

• The Mongols helped promote trade in Italy by
  protecting the Silk Road.

• Marco Polo, a merchant from Venice, had published
  a book about his travels to the East.

8
The Rise of Italys City-States (cont.)

• Florence was the first city-state to grow wealthy
  and is the most famous city of the Renaissance.

• Florentine bankers became experts at valuing
  coins.

• They began lending money
• and charging interest.

9
The Rise of Italys City-States (cont.)

• Florences richest family, the Medici, were
  bankers.

• Venice was the wealthiest city-state.

• Venice is built on a set of swampy islands.

• Venetians navigated their city-state by boat and
  became great sailors and shipbuilders.

10
The Rise of Italys City-States (cont.)
The Ducal Palace today.
Pier and the Ducal Palace in Venice during the
Renaissance.
11
The Urban Noble

• Noble families moved into cities and mixed with
  wealthy merchants there.

• Wealthy merchants copied the nobles manners, and
  soon the children of the merchants and nobles
  were marrying each other.

• These families became the urban upper class.

• At first, the city-states were republics.

12
The Urban Noble (cont.)

• Gradually the city-states gave power to one man
  to run the government.

• In Venice, the doge, or duke, had power.

• Later, the doge lost power to a small group of
  nobles.

• In Florence, the Medici family gained power and
  ruled for many years.

13
The Urban Noble (cont.)

• To deal with other city-states, Italian rulers
  developed diplomacy, which is the art of
  negotiating or making deals.

• Niccolò Machiavelli, a diplomat in Florence,
  thought people were too greedy and self-centered.

• He thought rulers should not try to be good, but
  should do whatever is necessary to keep power and
  protect a city.

14
Renaissance Humanism

• Humanism was a way of understanding the world
  that was based on the values of the ancient
  Greeks and Romans.

• Humanists sought a balance between religion and
  reason.

• Western Europeans began studying Greek and Roman
  works in the 1300s.

• During the Crusades, Western Europeans were
  exposed to Greek and Roman culture that had been
  preserved by Arab scholars.

15
Renaissance Humanism (cont.)

• Italians studied ancient books, statues, and
  buildings.

• Petrarch was a famous scholar of ancient works.

• He encouraged Europeans to search for Latin
  manuscripts in
  monasteries.

• New libraries were built to house the
  manuscripts,
  including the Vatican Library in Rome.

16
Renaissance Humanism (cont.)

• Writers during the Renaissance began writing in
  the vernacular, the everyday language of a
  people.

• Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy, one of
  the worlds greatest poems, in the vernacular.

• In England, William Shakespeare emerged as the
  great writer of the era.

• Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press
  that used movable type.

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Renaissance Humanism (cont.)

• The press could print books quickly, so more
  books became available.

• Gutenbergs Bible was the first European book
  printed on the press.

• Leonardo da Vinci was a great scientist, artist,
  inventor, and engineer.

• Leonardo imagined machines long before they were
  invented, such as the airplane and helicopter.

18
Renaissance Humanism (cont.)

• Interest in other topics flourished as well.

• People studied plants, human anatomy, and
  medicine, as well as astronomy and mathematics.

19
Artists in Renaissance Italy

• There are major style differences between
  medieval and Renaissance art.

• Renaissance artists used new techniques, such a
  perspective and chiaroscuro, to add realism and
  express drama and emotion.

• The peak of the Renaissance occurred between 1490
  and 1520.

• Leonardo da Vinci, a great scientist, was also a
  trained artist.

20
Artists in Renaissance Italy (cont.)

• Two of his most famous works were The Last Supper
  and The Mona Lisa.

• Raphael was one of Italys most famous painters
  who painted frescoes in the Vatican.

• His best-known painting is School of Athens.

• Michelangelo Buonarroti was a painter and
  sculptor.

• He is best known for his sculpture David.

21
The Renaissance Spreads

• The Northern Renaissance refers to art from
  places we know today as Belgium, Luxembourg,
  Germany, and the Netherlands.

• Northern Renaissance artists used different
  techniques than artists in Italy.

• Artists in Flanders, a region in what is today
  northern Belgium, developed oil painting.

22
The Renaissance Spreads (cont.)

• Jan van Eyck was a great oil painter.

• Albrecht Dürer was an artist best
  known for his engravings.

• Engravings are made in wood, metal, or stone, and
  covered in ink.

• The image is then printed on paper.

23
The Renaissance Spreads (cont.)

• In England, the Renaissance created great works
  of theater and literature.

• William Shakespeare was the greatest English
  writer of the Renaissance.

• He wrote tragedies, comedies, and historical
  plays.

24
Calls for Church Reform

• Martin Luther was a monk who challenged the Roman
  Catholic Church.

• At first Luther wanted only to reform the
  Catholic Church, leading to the period being
  called the Reformation.

• The movement to create Christian churches other
  than the Catholic Church became known as
  Protestantism.

25
Calls for Church Reform (cont.)

• Desiderius Erasmus was a leader in Christian
  humanism.

• He felt humans could use reason to be better
  Christians.

• People became upset with the Churchs focus on
  money.

26
Calls for Church Reform (cont.)

• They were also upset by
  over the sale pardons for sin.

• This practice motivated Martin Luther to write a
  list of 95 arguments against selling indulgences.

27
Calls for Church Reform (cont.)

• This list became known as the Ninety-Five Theses.

• Church leaders felt threatened by Luther, and the
  pope excommunicated him.

• Luthers ideas led to a new religious
  denomination, or organized branch of Christianity.

• Lutheranism was the first Protestant denomination.

28
Politics and Lutheranism

• Local kings and nobles of the Holy Roman Empire
  did not want Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor,
  to become too powerful.

• Kings realized they could increase their power if
  they supported Lutheranism.

• When the kings became Lutheran, their entire
  kingdoms did also.

29
Politics and Lutheranism (cont.)

• The Catholic Church could not earn income from
  the Lutheran kingdoms.

• Charles V warred with the local kings but could
  not defeat them.

• The fighting ended with the Peace of Augsburg.

30
Calvin and Calvinism

• Early in his life, John Calvin studied theology,
  the study of questions about God, in Paris.

• Forced to flee Paris because of his discussions
  of Lutheranism, Calvin found safety in Geneva,
  Switzerland.

• Calvin taught that Gods will is absolute and
  decides everything in the world in advance,
  including who will go to heaven and who will not.

31
Calvin and Calvinism (cont.)

• This belief is called predestination.

• Calvinism encouraged people to work hard at their
  business and to behave themselves.

• Calvins belief that congregations should choose
  their own leaders supported the idea of English
  settlers in America that they should be able to
  elect their own political leaders.

32
Calvin and Calvinism (cont.)

• Calvinism became the basis of many Protestant
  churches, such as the Puritans and Presbyterians.

33
Counter-Reformation

• Although the Catholic Church fought against
  Protestantism, it knew it needed to reform some
  practices.

• They began a counter-reformation.

• Catholic clergy were instructed to better teach
  people in the faith.

• The Church created seminaries, or special
  schools, to train priests.

34
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• The priests belonging to the Society of Jesus,
  known as the Jesuits, were the popes agents in
  Europe.

• Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits.

• The Jesuits taught, preached, and fought heresy,
  or religious beliefs that contradict what the
  Church says is true.

• The lower classes in France were mostly Catholic.

35
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• Many French nobles were Protestant.

• French Protestants were known as Huguenots.

• The Bourbons, who were Protestant, were the
  second most powerful family in France.

• Huguenot nobles wanted to weaken the king, while
  Henry II wanted to build a strong government.

36
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• The son of Henry II, Charles became king in 1560.
  Because Charles was still a boy when he became
  king, his mother, Catherine deMedici ran the
  government for him.

• Catherine was part of the powerful Medici family
  from Italy.

• Catherine opposed the Huguenots.

37
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• A civil war broke out in France between the
  Catholics and the Protestants that lasted more
  than 30 years.

• It ended when Henry of Navarre, the leader of the
  Huguenot forces and head of the Bourbon family,
  became King Henry IV.

• Henry IV agreed to become Catholic.

38
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes.

• This recognized Catholicism as Francess official
  religion but gave the Huguenots the right to
  worship freely.

• The Thirty Years War was fought between the
  Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman
  Empire from 1618 to 1648.

39
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• Spain was founded when King Ferdinand and Queen
  Isabella married in 1469
• During the Middle Ages, Spain was ruled by
  Muslims.

• Non-Muslims and Jews had some limitations placed
  on them, but Jews were treated better in Spain
  than in most other European countries at the
  time.

• Jewish scholars flourished during this period.

40
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• Golden age ended when Catholics took control of
  Spain
• In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella ordered all Jews
  and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave
  the country
• Spanish Inquisition was a very cruel Catholic
  court that investigated heresy.

41
Counter-Reformation (cont.)

• Tomas de Torquemada was the head of the Spanish
  Inquisition and executed 2,000 Spaniards

42
The English Reformation

• During the 1400s, English nobles had fought each
  other to control the kingdom.

• The Tudor family won.

• Henry VIII was the second Tudor king of England.

• He wanted to make sure that peace was maintained
  and that his family remained rulers.

43
The English Reformation (cont.)

• When Henrys wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not
  have a male child, Henry asked the pope to annul
  his marriage.

• This would leave him free to marry again.

• Henry hoped to have a son
  with another wife to maintain Tudor control
  of England.

• The pope refused to annul the marriage.

44
The English Reformation (cont.)

• Henry asked the highest religious official in
  England, the archbishop of Canterbury, to annul
  the marriage.

• The pope then excommunicated Henry.

• In response, Henry declared that the king, not
  the pope, was the head of the Church in England.

• All priests and bishops were forced to accept
  Henry as the head of the Anglican Church.

45
The English Reformation (cont.)

• Some who did not were executed.

• Henry gave Church properties and lands to loyal
  nobles.

• Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Catherine of
  Aragon.

• When she became queen in 1533,
  she tried to reinstate Catholicism
  as the religion of England.

46
The English Reformation (cont.)

• Some people supported this, but others resisted.

• After she died, her sister Elizabeth became
  queen.

• Elizabeth was a Protestant.

• She restored the Anglican Church as the official
  religion of England.

• Some people wanted the Anglican Church to give up
  some of its Catholic ways.

47
The English Reformation (cont.)

• They formed their own congregations that were not
  a part of the Anglican Church.

• The Puritans were one of these groups.

• Elizabeth tolerated these groups, but James I and
  Charles I, who came after her, did not.

• They shut down the Puritan Church and arrested
  its leaders.

48
Missionaries Go Overseas

• In response to the Reformation, many Catholics
  became missionaries.

• They traveled across the world to spread their
  faith.

• Jesuit missionaries were active in America and
  Asia in the 1500s and 1600s.

• Missionaries had great success in the Philippine
  Islands, which today is the only Asian country
  with a Catholic majority.

49
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
__ 1. __ is the art of negotiating. __ 2. When
the pope needed money in the 1500s, he sold
___. __ 3. The Renaissance belief that the
individual and human society were important was
known as ___.
D

• A. humanism
• B. Predestination
• C. vernacular
• D. diplomacy
• seminary
• indulgences

F
A
50
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
E
__ 4. A ___ is a special school for training and
educating priests. __ 5. ___ encouraged
Calvinists to prove they were among the saved. __
6. Writers began to write in the ___, the
everyday language of a region.

• A. humanism
• B. Predestination
• C. vernacular
• D. diplomacy
• seminary
• indulgences

B
C