Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation (1350-1600)

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Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation
(1350-1600)

• Section 1 The Renaissance in Italy
• What a glorious time to be alive!

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Italian City-States

• Renaissance rebirthof classical culture
• Birthplace in Italy Florence
• Produced gifted poets, artists, architects,
  scholars and scientists
• Eventually spread north Flanders
• Prosperous cities of trade Florence, Milan,
  Venice, Genoa
• Wealthy powerful merchant class supported the
  arts and culture patrons (supporters of the
  arts)
• Education, individual achievement, curiosity
  (Copernicus/Galileo) and adventure (Columbus)
  stressed

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Medici family of Florence

• built a powerful banking and merchant business
  (mined alum-chemical used in textile
  production/dying of wool)
• Giovanni, Cosimo (Godfather) and Lorenzo the
  Magnificent (1449-1492)
• 1434 onward served as uncrowned rulers of
  Florence
• Medici

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What was the Renaissance?

• Most important change the way people viewed
  themselves and the world
• The human experience in the living world replaced
  the preoccupation with gaining salvation in the
  afterlife!
• Preserving classical (Greek/Roman) heritage
  Medieval monks/nuns scholars copied manuscripts
• Latin survived as language of the Catholic
  Church and of educated people
• Renaissance ideal person with many talents
  (knows a great deal about many things a
  Polymath)
• Education, individual achievement, curiosity and
  adventurous spirit

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Humanism

• intellectual movement based on the study of
  classical culture did not focus only on
  religious issues!
• Humanist scholars believed that education should
  stimulate creative powers of an individual.
• They were collectors of classical manuscripts
  from church monastery libraries.
• Humanities subjects taught in Greek and Roman
  schools grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history,
  philosophy, etc.

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Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Father of
Humanism

• Humanist who searched for classical manuscripts
  (Homer, Virgil, Cicero, etc.) in monastery
  church libraries.
• He was also a devout Catholic.
• wrote literature of his own (Sonnets to Laura)
• April 8, 1341 crowned poet laureate in Rome on
  Easter Sunday
• The laurel wreath was identified by Petrarch as
  being the symbol of literary and poetic
  immortality.
• July 13, 1374 died with a pen in his hand and
  Laura in his heart.
• Petrarch

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When Love within her lovely face appearsnow and
again among the other ladies,as much as each is
less lovely than shethe more my wish I love
within me grows. I bless the place, the time and
hour of the daythat my eyes aimed their sights
at such a height,and say 'My soul, you must be
very gratefulthat you were found worthy of such
great honour. From her to you comes loving
thought that leads,as long as you pursue, to
highest good,esteeming little what all men
desire there comes from her all joyous
honestythat leads you by the straight path up to
Heavenalready I fly high upon my hope.'
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A Golden Age in Arts

• PATRONS Popes, nobility and wealthy businessmen
  (Medici) supported the work of artists,
  architects, sculptors.
• Isabella dEste (1474-1539) from Mantua also
  patronized the arts.
• She invited scholars, artists, sculptors
  musicians to her city was a Renaissance woman
  herself.
• Isabella
• Artists studied Greek Roman works.
• Religious figures (Mary Jesus) were set against
  classical backgrounds
• Humanist interest in individual achievement led
  to portraits of well-known people.

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Portraits of Isabella dEste, 1st Renaissance
Woman, by Leonardo DaVinci Titian
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New Techniques

• Artists revived lifelike, classical forms
• studied human anatomy and live models more
  accurate portrayal
• used realism, linear perspective and shading
• Architects rejected Gothic style went back to
  columns, arches and domes

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Donatello di Betto Bardi (1386-1466)

• Son of a Florentine wool-carder apprentice to
  goldsmith Lorenzo Ghiberti at age 14
• Bronze David (1440s?) was 1st life-sized, free
  standing nude to be cast in bronze since
  classical times
• Placed in the courtyard of the Medici palace for
  Lorenzo and Clarice Orsinis wedding
• Today it can be found in the Bargello Museum in
  Florence.

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Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)Father of
Perspective

• Architect, engineer, goldsmith
• Visited Rome with Donatello to study the ancient
  ruins
• created the dome (1417-1434) of Florence
  Cathedral based on the Pantheon in Rome
• Used more than 4 million bricks
• (1401-1403) Lost the competition to Ghiberti to
  design the bronze doors for the baptistery of the
  Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore)
• He is buried in the Florence Cathedral (Santa
  Maria del Fiore)

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Three Geniuses of Renaissance ArtSelf-Portraits
of DaVinci Raphael
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Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519)

• Born in Vinci, Italy (had 17 half-brothers
  sisters!)
• Many interests botany, anatomy, optics, music,
  architecture, engineering, military
• Genius for invention placed sketches in
  notebooks mirror writing
• Dissected corpses to learn anatomy
• Considered himself a painter
• Invented sfumato blending of light shade
• Famous works Mona Lisa (1503-1506) The Last
  Supper (1495-1498), Vitruvian Man/Proportions of
  Man (1487)
• Apprentice to Andrea del Verrochio (1470-1477)
• Served the Duke of Milan (Ludovico Sforza) from
  1482-1499 completed only 6 works in 17 years!
• 1513-1516 worked in Rome under Pope Leo X
  (Giovanni dMedici)
• 1516-Premier Painter Engineer and Architect of
  King Francis I in France.
• Died May 2, 1519 (67 yrs.) with his head in the
  hands of King Francis I
• Leonardo da Vinci

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Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564)

• Born March 6, 1475 in Caprese 2nd of 5 brothers
• His mother died when he was 6 years old
• At age 13 he was apprenticed to Domenico
  Ghirlandaio and later lived with the Medici
  family in Florence.
• Multi-talented genius sculptor, engineer,
  painter, architect and poet
• Considered himself a sculptor
• Dissected corpses to learn anatomy
• Famous works Sculpture - Pieta (1499), David
  (1501-1504)
• Painting - Sistine Chapel ceiling (1508-1512)
  The Last Judgment (1536-1541)
• Architecture Dome of St. Peters (Rome)
• Died February 18, 1564 (89 yrs.) in Rome and is
  buried in Santa Croce Basilica in Florence
• In his will, he left "his soul to God, his body
  to the earth, and his material possessions to his
  nearest relations."

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Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)

• Italian painter, architect and draftsman from
  Urbino, Italy
• Studied DaVinci Michelangelo
• Both parents died when he was 8 years old
• He moved from Florence to Rome in 1508, where he
  ran a workshop until his death (37 yrs.)
• Painted frescoes in the Vatican Palace while
  Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel
  ceiling
• Architect of the new St. Peters Basilica
• Paintings portrayed the Madonna (Mary) child
  (Jesus)
• Famous work The School of Athens- an imaginary
  gathering of philosophers scientists included
  faces of Michelangelo, DaVinci himself
• Died on April 6th (Good Friday his birthday) of
  a possible fever (lasted 2 weeks) wrong cure
• He was buried in the Pantheon after a grand
  funeral.
• "Here lies that famous Raphael by whom Nature
  feared to be conquered while he lived, and when
  he was dying, feared herself to die."

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Italian Renaissance Writers

• how-to/handbooks became popular to help
  ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance
  world.
• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
• Served as a diplomat in Florence observed
  kings/princes in courts during a time when the
  Medici were ousted from power (following
  Lorenzos death)
• Lived during a time of religious fanaticism in
  Florence, the invasion of Italy by France and
  Spain and political turmoil
• He was tortured an imprisoned when the Medici
  returned to power in 1512 following the death
  of Savonarola
• Saw himself as an enemy of oppression/corruption
  wanted to earn the respect of the ruling Medici
• wrote The Prince - a guide for rulers to help
  them gain maintain power It was dedicated to
  the deceased Lorenzo de Medici.
• The end justifies the means.
• It is better to be feared than loved.
• Machiavellian deceit in politics

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Baldassare Castiglione(1478-1529)

• Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and author
• wrote The Book of the Courtier (1528) describes
  manners, skills, learning, virtues of a courtier
  (aristocrat)
• Ideal courtier well-educated, well-mannered
  master in music, poetry, history, sports, etc.
• Ideal woman graceful, kind, reserved
  beautiful (on the outside!)
• 108 editions published between 1528 1616 (in
  Spanish, German, French and English)
• Died of a violent fever in Toledo, Spain on
  February 2nd

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Machiavelli (1469-1527) Castiglione (1478-1529)