Unit 5 The Respiratory System

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Unit 5The Respiratory System

• Designed by Li Dong

2
Part A Terminology(1)
Stem/Affixes Meaning Examples
alveoli(o)- alveolus, air sac alveolar ???
bronch(o)- bronchus bronchodilation ?????
bronchi(o)- bronchiole bronchiolitis ?????
capn(o)- carbon dioxide hyperpnea ????
cyan(o)- blue cyanosis ??
laryng(o)- larynx laryngospasm ???
lob(o)- lobe of lung lobectomy ????
mediastin(o)- mediastinum mediastinoscopy ?????
nas(o)- nose nasogastric ???
orth(o)- straight orthopnea ????
ox(o)- oxygen hypoxia ??
pector(o)- chest expectoration ??
pharyng(o)- pharynx pharyngeal ??
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Part A Terminology(2)
Stem/Affixes Meaning Examples
phon(o)- voice dysphonia ????
phren(o)- diaphragm phrenic ??
pleur(o)- pleura pleurotomy ?????
pneum(o)- lung air pneumonia ??
pulm(o)- lung pulmometry ?????
rhin(o)- nose rhinorrhea ???
sinus(o)- sinus sinusitis ???
spir(o)- breathing spirometer ????
thorac(o)- chest thoractomy ?????
tonsil(o)- tonsils tonsillectomy ??????
trache(o)- trachea tracheospasm ????
-pnea breathing apnea ????
-ptysis spitting hemoptysis ??
-thorax pleural cavity hemothorax ??
4
??breath

• ?????-spiro-, pneumo-, pneumato-, -pnea
• ??
• -spiro-?????sprirare, ??breathe
• ??
• expiratory ???
• respiratory distress syndrome ???????
• spirometry spai'r?mitri ?????
• median peak inspiratory flow ???????
• ??spiro-?????
• ??coil??spirochete 'spai?r?ukit ???
• ??sweat??perspiration ??
• ??soul??spirit ??

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pneumato-

• pneumato-?????pnein,??to blow
• ??
• pneumatic nju'mætik ???,???
• pneumotosis ???
• ??????

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-pnea

• -pnea ????,??????????
• ??
• apnea ????
• dyspnea ????

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?nose

• ?????naso-, rhino-
• ??naso-?????nasus,??nose
• ??
• nasal mucosa ???
• nasopharyngeal ,neiz?uf?'rind?i?l ???
• ??noso-??

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rhino-

• rhino-?????rhin,??nose
• ??
• rhinitis rai'naitis ??
• rhinovirus ,rain?u'vai?r?s ???
• rhinal 'rain?l ??

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? throat

• ??laryngo- ?????larunx
• laryngeal l?'ri?gi?l ,lærin'd?i?l
  l?'rind?i?l cancer ??
• laryngorhinootology ?????
• ?????????,?throat?????

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??glottis

• ?????glotto-
• ??glotto-?????glossa,??tongue
• ??glottic ???
• ??glosso-?,??

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??trachea,windpipe

• ?????tracheo-
• ??tracheo-?????,??rough artery
• ??
• tracheostomy ,træki'?st?mi ,trei- ?????
• tracheal tr?'ki?l 'treiki- ????
• ??trachelo- ?(?)(????)

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???bronchus

• ?????broncho-, bronchiolo-
• ??bronch(i)o- ?????bronchos, ??windpipe
• ??
• bronchoalveolar ??????
• fiberoptic bronchoscopy br??'k?sk?pi ??????
• bronchoplasty 'br??k?,plæsti ??????
• ??bronchium(br??ki?m ????)
  ??bronchus?bronchiole??

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bronchiolo-

• ????
• ??
• bronchiolitis ?????
• ??bronchiole ?bronchus????

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?lung

• ????? pulmo(no)-, pneumono-
• ??pulmo(no)-?????pulmo, ??lung
• ??
• pulmonology ???
• pulmonary hypertension ?????
• ??pneumo-?????,????,?pneumothorax
  ,njum?'??ræks ??
• ?????pulmonary

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pneumono-

• ?????pneumon, ??lung
• ??
• lobar pneumonia ?????
• streptococcus ,strept?u'k?k?s pneumonia ?????
• ???????????pneumonie??

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air sacs, alveolus ??

• ????? alveolo-
• ??alveolo-?????alveus,??hollow
• ??
• bronchoalveolitis ??????
• ??????,?dentoalveolitis ???

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-gen

• for combining m
• (Chemistry)denoting a substance that produces
  something
• (?)????,???,?
• oxygen
• allergen???
• (Botany)denoting a substance or plant that is
  produced
• (?)?????,?????
• cultigen (?)(???????)???

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Part B Text AThe Respiratory System and
Respiration
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Vocabulary

• respiratory a. of or relating to respiration or
  breathing ???
• nitrogen n. a colorless, tasteless and odorless
  element that is a constituent of organic
  compounds found in all1iving tissues ?
• odorless a. having no odor ???,????
• tract n. a system of body parts or organs that
  act together to perform some function ?

20
Vocabulary

• nasal a. of or relating to the nose ??
• mucous a. containing, producing, or secreting
  mucus ???
• cilia n. plural of cilium, a minute short
  hairlike process often forming part of a fringe ?
• contaminant n. something that contaminates ???

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Vocabulary

• sinus n. a cavity or hollow in the body ?,?
• humidify v. to make humid ??,???
• pharynx n. the muscular tubular passage of the
  vertebrate digestive and respiratory tracts
  extending from the back of the nasal cavity and
  mouth to the esophagus ?
• flap n. a piece of tissue partly severed from its
  place of origin for use in surgical grafting ?,??

22
Vocabulary

• epiglottis n. thin and yellow elastic cartilage
  that ordinarily projects upward behind the longue
  and just in front of the glottis ??
• larynx n. the modified upper part of the
  respiratory passage of air-breathing vertebrates
  that is bounded above by the glottis, called also
  voice box ?
• trachea n. the main trunk of the system of tubes
  by which air passes to and from the lungs ??

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Vocabulary

• vocal a. ??? vocal cord ??
• bronchi n. (pl bronchus), either of the two
  primary divisions of the trachea that lead
  respectively into the right and the left lung ???
  bronchial a. ????
• spongy a. resembling a sponge ????,???
• porous a. possessing or full of pores ???,???

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Vocabulary

• lobe n. a division of a body organ (?????)?
• duct n. a bodily tube or vessel especially when
  carrying the secretion of a gland ??
• bronchiole n. a minute thin-walled branch of a
  bronchus ????
• thoracic n. of, relating to, located within, or
  involving the thorax ??,???

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Vocabulary

• diaphragm n. a body partition of muscle and
  connective tissue ???
• pleura n. either of a pair of two-walled sacs of
  serous membrane each of which lines one lateral
  half of the thorax ??
• mediastinum ,midiæs'tain?m n. the space in
  the chest between the pleural sacs of the lungs
  that contains all the viscera of the chest except
  the lungs and pleurae ??

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Vocabulary

• esophagus n. the passage between the pharynx and
  the stomach ??
• alveoli n. (plural of alveolus) , an air cell of
  the lungs ??
• inhale v. to draw in by breathing ??
• exhale v. to emit breath or vapor ??

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Vocabulary

• compress v, to reduce in size or volume as if by
  squeezing ??,??
• delicate n. susceptible to injury ????
• exhalation n. something exhaled or given off ??

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Vocabulary

• asthma n. a condition often of allergic origin
  that is marked by continuous or paroxysmal
  labored breathing accompanied by wheezing, by a
  sense of constriction in the chest, and often by
  attacks of coughing or gasping ??
• allergen n. a substance that induces allergy ??

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Vocabulary

• trigger n. one by which an attack (as of disease
  or referred pain) is precipitated ?????????
• wheeze v. to breathe with difficulty usually with
  a whistling sound ??,??

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Understanding the Text

• Para.1
• Questions
• 1. What gases are taken in in respiration?
• 2. Why is oxygen very important to the body?
• Para.2
• Questions
• 3. What is the function of nasal cavities during
  
• breathing?
• 4. What do you know about cilia?
• 5. What is a sinus? What functions do sinuses
• perform?

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Text A 1

• The respiratory system is responsible for the
  exchange of gases. When a person takes a breath,
  the air they take in is composed of several
  gases. The mixture is mostly made up of oxygen,
  nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• ?????????????????????????????????????????

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1

• Oxygen is an odorless gas that makes up about 20
  percent of the air. It is essential to life
  because the body uses it for the chemical
  reactions occurring in the cells of the body.
  Oxygen is brought in and utilized by the body,
  while carbon dioxide and nitrogen are expelled
  from the body.
• ?????????,????20?????????????,?????????????,?????
  ?,????,??????????

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2

• The respiratory system is divided into the upper
  respiratory tract and the lower respiratory
  tract. Air is brought in primarily through the
  nose, over the nasal cavities. The nasal cavities
  are lined with mucous membranes which are covered
  with tiny hairs known as cilia. The nasal
  cavities warm, moisten and filter the air of
  possible contaminants.
• ?????????????????????????,???????????????,????????
  ??????????????????

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2

• The sinuses also help warm and humidify the air.
  Located in the bones of the face and skull, the
  sinuses are air-filled pockets connected to the
  nose through small openings. Each sinus is
  attached to the nasal passages by a continuous
  mucous membrane lining. From either the nose or
  mouth, air then takes the following pathway
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????,???
  ????????????????????

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• Located in the bones of the face and skull, the
  sinuses are air-filled pockets connected to the
  nose through small openings.
• ?? the sinuses are air-filled pockets
• Located in the bones of the face and skull
  ???????????
• connected to the nose ??????air-filled pockets
• through small openings ????

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Para.3-5 Questions

• 6. Do you know any clinical pathological
  (,pæ??'l?d?ik?l ????)conditions related to
  pharynx/larynx/trachea?

laryngitis ,lærin'd?aitis n. ???????,????
pharyngitis ,færin'd?aitis n. ??????
bronchitis br??'kaitis n. ????? ????
bronchopneumonia ,br??k?unju'm?unj?
n. ????????????? bronchial pneumonia
laryngopharyngitis
bronchiolitis
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3

• Pharynx
• The passageway at the back of the mouth. Both air
  and food travel down the pharynx . When food is
  swallowed, a flap of tissue called the
  epiglottis, located at the top of the larynx,
  presses down to prevent food from going down the
  trachea.
• ?
• ?????????????????????????????,??????????,????,???
  ?,?????????

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4

• Larynx
• Air passes from the pharynx through the larynx,
  located at the upper end of the trachea. This
  organ contains the vocal cords and leads to the
  trachea.
• ?
• ??????,?????????????????????????,??????,?????

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5

• Trachea
• A long tube featuring a series of C-shaped
  rings of cartilage that begins at the larynx and
  then splits into the bronchial tubes that lead to
  the lungs. It is the largest breathing tube in
  the body, connecting the upper respiratory system
  (mouth, nose and throat) to the bronchi leading
  to the lungs.
• ??
• ??????C??????,????,????????,????????????????????
  ???,??????(?????)??????????????

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• Para.6
• Questions
• 7. What characteristics do the lungs have?
• 8. What are the lungs made up of?
• Para. 7
• Questions
• 9. What is diaphragm / pleura/ mediastinum?

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6

• The actual exchange of gases takes place in the
  major organs of the respiratory systemthe lungs.
  These organs have a spongy, porous, highly
  elastic texture. Each lung is made up of lobes,
  three in the right lung and two in the left lung
  (which is smaller, to make room for the heart).
  Each lobe contains lung tissue, air sacs, ducts
  and bronchioles that are used for respiration.
  The lobes operate relatively independently of
  each other.
• ???????????????????????,??,????????????,?????,????
  ?(????????,??????)????????????????????????????????
  ?

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7

• The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. At
  the floor of this cavity is a muscle called
  diaphragm. The lungs are separated from the chest
  wall by the pleura, a continuous membrane that
  covers the lobes and the inner chest wall. The
  lungs are separated from each other by the
  mediastinum, a space that contains the heart, the
  esophagus and part of the trachea. When air
  leaves the trachea, it takes the following path
  to the lungs
• ???????????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ,?????????????????????????,????????

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• Para.8-10
• Questions
• 10. What are bronchi/bronchioles/alveoli?
• Para.11
• Questions
• 11. What is the one airway concept of the
• respiratory system? Does this new idea
• have any significance?

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8

• Bronchi
• A pair of tubes that branch off from the trachea,
  each leading to a lung. Like an upside-down tree,
  air passageways begin with the trunk and divide
  into large branches.
• ???
• ?????????,??????????????,???,???????,???????

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t???ri ????
46
9

• Bronchioles
• Branches of increasingly smaller passageways
  connecting to the alveoli. In the upside-down
  tree, they are the smaller branches.
• ????
• ???????????????????????????????

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10

• Alveoli
• Tiny sacs in the lungs where gases in air are
  exchanged for gases in the blood. Alveoli are the
  end point of the respiratory system.
• ??
• ??????,????????????????????????????

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(No Transcript)
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11

• Though physicians often refer to separate upper
  and lower respiratory systems for the sake of
  convenience, it is important to note that the two
  are a continuous airway without any physical
  division. Much of the medical community has
  recently begun to support a one airway concept
  of the respiratory system as one continuous
  airway that should be treated as a whole. A
  result of this change is that more and more
  therapies are being prescribed for both bronchial
  and nasal symptoms together as a treatment for
  respiratory conditions.
• ??????,?????????????????,??????????????,??????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????

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• Para.12-15
• Question
• 12. What are the three phases of respiration ?
• Para.16
• Question
• 13. How does the diaphragm work as an engine
• that drives respiration ?
• Para.17
• Question
• 14. What controls the breathing rate according
• to this paragraph ?

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12

• Respiration is the body process of inhaling air,
  exchanging gases between air and blood, and
  exhaling those gases out of the body. This is
  accomplished during three phases
• ????????????????????,????????????????????

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13

• External respiration
• The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
  the atmosphere and the blood. It takes place in
  the (large) capillaries in the lungs.
• ???
• ????????????????????????????

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14

• Internal respiration
• The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
  the blood and the cells of the body.
• ???
• ?????????????????????

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15

• Cellular respiration
• The process by which body cells use the oxygen
  taken from the bloodstream as fuel for their
  work. As the cells work, the metabolic activity
  produces carbon dioxide. If this carbon dioxide
  were allowed to build up to high levels, it could
  damage cells, organs and body tissue. Therefore,
  the blood picks up the carbon dioxide and brings
  it to the lungs to be exhaled into the
  atmosphere.
• ????
• ???????????,??????????????????????,???????????????
  ???????????????,????????????????????,????????????,
  ?????

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?????????????
glai'k?lisis n (??)????
pai'ruveit pi- n. ????(??)
gluk?us n. ??? (??dextrose)
,mait?u'k?ndri?n n. ???
'sait?s?l n. ????,??
????? (Adenosine Triphosphate)
f?s'f?r?le?t 
,?ksi'deitiv n. ???
's?bstreit n. ??????
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16

• The engine that drives respiration is the
  diaphragm, a muscle that makes up the floor of
  the thoracic cavity that houses the lungs. As the
  diaphragm contracts, the rib cage rises, causing
  a negative pressure in the chest cavity that
  forces the lungs to expand and air to be drawn
  in. When the diaphragm expands, the rib cage
  falls and compresses the lungs, forcing air out
  of the body.
• ????????????????????????,????,???????,???,????????
  ????,????,???,?????

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eksh?'lei??n
,inh?'lei??n
58
17

• This process happens 10 to 16 times a minute when
  the body is at rest. The breathing rate changes
  with the needs of the body, and is regulated by a
  respiratory center in the brain called the
  medulla. Breathing is generally an involuntary
  act, but people can control the diaphragm to a
  limited degree.
• ??????????,?????10?16????????????,????????????????
  ?????,????????????????????

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• Para.18
• Questions
• 15. What are the functions of the mucous membrane
  
• and cilia during respiration?
• 16. How are gases exchanged on the cellular level
  
• when the air reaches the alveoli ?
• Para.19-21
• Questions
• 17. What are the common disorders of the
  respiratory
• system mentioned in the passage ?
• 18. What is an allergic reaction ? (para. 21)

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18

• The normal breathing cycle begins when air enters
  the body through the nose. During vigorous
  exercise, a person may open his or her mouth to
  bring air into the body, a process known as mouth
  breathing. However, the usual starting point of
  respiration is the nose and nasal passages. By
  the time air has reached the lungs, the mucous
  membrane lining and cilia have warmed the air to
  a relative humidity of about 75 degrees.
• ???????????????????,??????,????,????????,?????????
  ??????????????????,?????????????,?????????75?

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18

• This is important, because cold air can damage
  delicate lung tissues. The mucous membranes and
  cilia also help moisten the air and filter out
  contaminants. When the air reaches the alveoli,
  gases are exchanged on the cellular level. The
  lungs contain about 300 million of these air
  sacs, which are surrounded capillaries, the
  smallest blood vessels in the body.
• ?????????????????,??????????????????????,?????????
  ???????,??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???

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18

• Here, the hemoglobin within red blood cells
  exchanges carbon dioxide for fresh oxygen to be
  delivered back to the heart, which pumps the
  oxygen-rich blood throughout the body to nourish
  the tissues. Blood rich in carbon dioxide travels
  back to the heart through the veins. The blood is
  then pumped to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is
  delivered into the alveoli for exhalation.
• ???????????????????,??????????,???????????????????
  ??????????????????,?????,?????????????

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'plazm???
64
ei?t? ???
?tri?m ??
ventrikl??
vin? ???
65
What are the functions of Oxygen in the body?
66
19

• A number of conditions can affect the respiratory
  system. Among the most common disorders is
  asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the
  bodys bronchial tissues. This causes a narrowing
  of the airways and an increased sensitivity to
  allergens or other stimuli. Exposure to these
  triggers often produces symptoms such as
  coughing, wheezing and an inability to breathe
  normally.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????,????????????????

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Asthma
68
20

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is
  another common disorder of the respiratory
  system. It is a chronic, progressive disease of
  the lungs that reduces airflow over times. The
  condition is characterized by symptoms that
  include coughing, wheezing and shortness of
  breath.
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
??mf?'si?m????
70
How Does COPD Differ from Asthma?

• How Does COPD Differ from Asthma?
• Although COPD and asthma have similar
  characteristics such as the signs of coughing and
  wheezing, they are two distinct conditions in
  terms of disease onset, frequency of symptoms and
  reversibility of airway obstruction.

71

• 1. The onset of asthma typically occurs(??)
  during childhood or adolescence. COPD most often
  develops in smokers and former smokers who are in
  their mid-40s.

72

• 2. Exacerbations(??) of asthma -- characterized
  by recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, chest
  tightness and cough -- often have identifiable
  triggers such as allergens, cold air or exercise.
  However, exacerbations in COPD patients are
  commonly caused by respiratory tract infections.

73

• 3. With treatment, asthma patients have
  near-normal lung function and are symptom-free
  between exacerbations(????). COPD patients rarely
  experience a day without symptoms. Airflow
  obstruction in COPD sufferers is only partially
  reversible with smoking cessation and
  bronchodilator use.

74
21

• The respiratory system may also be involved in
  allergic conditions. Allergies are exaggerated
  reactions of the immune system to certain foreign
  substances that it mistakes as a threat to the
  body. This misidentification kicks off a series
  of events known as an allergic cascade that
  results in uncomfortable allergy symptoms.
  Symptoms of an allergic reaction can affect many
  different parts of the body, including the lungs.
  Respiratory symptoms of an allergic reaction may
  include shortness of breath or difficulty
  breathing, wheezing and coughing.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????

75
Review and Development
76
Interesting Questions

• Why Do I Yawn?
• When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do
• not take enough oxygen from the air. This
• causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies.
• The brain senses this shortage of oxygen
• and sends a message that causes you to
• take a deep long breath---a YAWN.

77

• Why Do I Sneeze?
• Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing
  passages. It is the bodys way of removing an
  irritant (???) from the sensitive mucous
  membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate
  the mucous membranes. Dust, pollen(??), pepper or
  even a cold blast of air are just some of the
  many things that may cause you to sneeze.

78

• What Causes Hiccups ( ?? )?
• Hiccups are the sudden movements of the
  diaphragm. It is involuntary--- you have no
  control over hiccups, as you well know. There
• are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm
• may get irritated, you may have eaten too fast,
• or maybe some substance in the blood could
• even have brought on (??,??) the hiccups.

'hik?p -?p
79
Phrases in the Text

1. carbon dioxide
2. upper/lower respiratory tract
3. nasal cavities
4. mucous membranes
5. vocal cords
6. thoracic cavity
7. rib cage
8. chronic/acute inflammation
9. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
10. allery /allergic symptoms