THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Health Science 1

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The Respiratory System
Objectives
30-1 Explain the functions of the respiratory
system. 30-2 Explain the difference between
internal and external respiration. 30-3 Describe
how the larynx produces voice sounds. 30-4 List
the structures contained within the lungs. 30-5
Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest
cavity. 30-6 Describe the events that lead to the
inspiration and expiration of air. 30-7 Explain
how the brain controls breathing and how normal
breathing patterns can be disrupted. 30-8 List
and explain various respiratory volumes and tell
how they are used to diagnose
respiratory problems. 30-9 Describe how oxygen is
transported from the lungs to body cells. 30-10
Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from
body cells to the lungs. 30-11 Describe the
signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of
various respiratory disorders and
diseases.
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The Respiratory System

• The major function of the respiratory system is
  ventilation (breathing).
• Deliver oxygen (O2) to the bloodstream and
• Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
• bloodstream.
• Make speech possible

External Respiration
O2
CO2
CO2
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
O2
O2
CO2
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Organs of the respiratory system ? Nose ?
Pharynx ? Larynx ? Trachea ? Bronchial
tree ? Lungs ? Alveoli ? Diaphragm
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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

• The Nasal Cavity
• Nasal septum divides the cavity into right and
  left portions
• Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air and
  cilia helps eliminate particles

• The Paranasal Sinuses
• These are air-filled spaces within the skull
  bones
• Serve to reduce weight of the skull and give your
  voice
• a certain tone

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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

• The Pharynx
• An organ of both the respiratory and digestive
  system
• The Larynx
• Larynx also called the voice box
• Moves air in and out of the trachea, and produces
  voice
• Composed of three cartilages
• Thyroid cartilage
• Epiglottic cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage

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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
Vocal Cords

• Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the
  cricoid cartilage
• Upper vocal cords are false cords and lower vocal
  cords are true vocal cords.
• The glottis is the opening between the vocal
  cords
• The more vocal cords are stretched, the higher
  the voice pitch.

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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
The Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles

• Referred to as the windpipe
• Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and
  smooth muscle
• Lined with cells possessing cilia
• Extends from the larynx to the bronchi.

Cilia moves mucus up to the throat where it is
swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.
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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
The Lungs

• Cone-shaped organs
• Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has
  two lobes
• The membranes surrounding the lungs is called the
  pleura

The lungs contain connective tissue, the
bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels and
blood vessels.
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Apply Your Knowledge
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Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
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Snoring

• Occurs due to vibration of soft tissues when
  muscles of the palate, tongue and throat relax.
• Affects approximately 50 of men and 25 of women
  over the age of 40.
• Causes daytime sleepiness and may be associated
  with sleep apnea.

Common Causes

• enlargement of tonsils or adenoids
• being overweight
• alcohol consumption
• nasal congestion
• deviated nasal septum

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• Continuous positive airway pressure therapy
  (CPAP) uses a machine to help a person who has
  obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) breathe more easily
  during sleep. A CPAP machine increases air
  pressure in your throat so that your airway
  doesn't collapse when you breathe in.

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Snoring (cont.)

• Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Snoring
• Lose weight
• Change sleeping position
• Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce
  sleep
• Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages
• Use dental devices to keep airways open

Some patients may require surgery to remove
excess soft tissue or a portion of the soft
palate.
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Snoring (cont.)

• Mayo Clinics Sleep Disorders Center rating of
  snoring

Heard from close proximity
Heard from anywhere in the bedroom
Heard from just outside the bedroom door with
door open
Heard outside the bedroom door with the door
closed
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• Internal respiration refers to the exchange of
  gases between the blood capillaries and the
  tissues/cells of the body.
• External respiration, commonly known as
  breathing, is the exchange of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide between an animal and its environment
• Cellular respiration allows organisms to use
  (release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of
  glucose. The energy in glucose is used to produce
  ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their energy needs.
  Cellular respiration is therefore a process in
  which the energy in glucose is transferred to
  ATP

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The Mechanisms of Breathing
Inspiration
Expiration

• Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the
  atmosphere
• The diaphragm contracts or flattens
• The intercostal muscles raise the ribs

• Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs
• The diaphragm relaxes
• The intercostal muscles lower the ribs

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation, consist of
inspiration (inhalation) and expiration
(exhalation). The medulla oblongata controls the
rhythm and depth of breathing and the pons
controls the rate of breathing.
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Respiratory Volumes
Reflects the amount of air that moves in or out
of the lungs during a normal breath
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled
following a normal inhalation
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
following a normal exhalation
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Respiratory Volumes
Represents the volume of air that always remains
in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation.
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled
after the deepest inhalation possible.
This measure reflects the total amount of air the
lungs can hold.
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The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the
Blood

• Most of the bodys oxygen binds to hemoglobin in
  the red blood cells. This transport system is
  called oxyhemoglobin.
• When carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream
  bicarbonate ions are formed and some carbon
  dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
• When bicarbonate ions reach the lungs, an enzyme
  changes them back into carbon dioxide and water.

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Apply Your Knowledge
The medical assistant working for a general
practitioner is taking the medical history of a
new patient. The patient states Even after
sleeping 8 to 9 hours I still feel really
tired. The patients spouse states, Well you
sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.
Which of the following is a possible cause for
the excessive fatigue?

1. Periods of apnea
2. Depression
3. Tuberculosis

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Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
The medical assistant working for a general
practitioner is taking the medical history of a
new patient. The patient states Even after
sleeping 8-9 hours I still feel really tired.
The patients spouse states, Well you sure snore
loud, as if the sleep is so good.
Which of the following is a possible cause for
the excessive fatigue?

1. Periods of apnea
2. Depression
3. Tuberculosis

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Common Respiratory Conditions

• Asthma is a condition in which the bronchial tree
  becomes obstructed due to inflammation
• Causes includes allergens, cigarette smoke,
  pollutants, cold temperatures and exercise
• Signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing,
  wheezing, coughing, and a tight feeling in the
  chest
• Treatment include avoidance of allergens, steroid
  inhalers, bronchodilators and stopping smoking

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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

• Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi
• May be caused by viruses, gastro-esophageal
  reflux, exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants
  and fumes.
• Signs and symptoms includes chills, fever,
  difficulty breathing, coughing up yellow-gray or
  green mucus, chest tightness, wheezing and
  difficulty breathing
• Treatment with rest, fluids, cough medicines,
  humidifiers, inhalers and antibiotics for smokers

Asthma. You're more likely to think about the
specific symptoms of the condition wheezing,
coughing, shortness of breath, or the fear and
anxiety that can accompany asthma attacks. While
bronchitis symptoms such as wheezing and
shortness of breath are similar to the symptoms
of asthma, there are some important differences.
The presence of a mild fever may be caused by
virus, is often seen with bronchitis, for
example, but not with asthma. And, bronchitis can
cause people with asthma to have an asthma attack
or make their asthma symptoms worse. When the two
conditions co-exist, the condition is called
"bronchial asthma."
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs Symptoms Treatments
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cigarette smoke and air pollution Fatigue, difficulty breathing frequent coughing Lifestyle changes, inhalers, stop smoking
Emphysema Cigarette smoke, pollutants, dust Chronic cough, weight loss, fatigue, shortness of breath Stop smoking, vaccinations, antibiotics, oxygen, bronchodilators
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• Emphysema gradually damages the air sacs
  (alveoli) in your lungs, making you progressively
  more short of breath.
• Emphysema is one of several diseases known
  collectively as chronic obstructive pulmonary
  disease (COPD).
• Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.
• Emphysema damages the inner walls of the lungs'
  air sacs (alveoli), causing them to eventually
  rupture. This creates one larger air space
  instead of many small ones and reduces the
  surface area available for gas exchange.
• When you exhale, the damaged alveoli don't work
  properly and old air becomes trapped, leaving no
  room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter.
  Treatment may slow the progression of emphysema,
  but it can't reverse the damage.

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Emphysema, GrossThe chest cavity is opened
atautopsy to reveal numerouslarge bullae (air
bubbles)apparent on the surface of thelungs in
a patient dying with emphysema. Bullae are
large dilated airspaces that bulge Out from
beneath the pleura.Emphysema is characterized
bya loss of lung parenchyma (bulk), destruction
of alveoli so thatthere is permanent dilation
ofairspaces.
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Influenza (Flu) Numerous viruses Runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, fever, chills, diarrhea, loss of appetite Bed rest, fluids, antiviral medications
Laryngitis Viruses, bacteria, excessive talking, allergies, smoking, frequent use of alcohol Hoarse voice, sore throat, dry cough and throat Antibiotics, avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Legionnaires Disease Bacteria that grows in air conditioning systems Fever, fatigue, difficulty breathing, chest pain, headache Antibiotics, respiratory therapy and supportive therapy
Lung Cancer Smoking, exposure to radon, asbestos and industrial carcinogens Cough, hemoptysis, difficulty breathing, weight loss, chronic hoarseness, wheezing Depends on type of cancer and stage but chemotherapy and radiation are common treatments
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Pleuritis Viruses, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, chest trauma Fever or chills, dry cough, shortness of breath, chest pain during breathing Pain medications, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, removal of fluid around the lungs
Pneumonia Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, foreign matter entering the lungs Fever or chills, headache, fatigue, coughing up rust-colored, green or yellow mucus Rest, fluids, antibiotics, over-the-counter pain medications
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Pneumothorax Chest trauma, and unknown causes Tightness in the chest, sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath Chest tube, surgery
Pulmonary Edema Congestive heart failure, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, heart valve disorders, lung infections, chest injuries and many others Shortness of breath, wheezing, weight gain, pink mucus, pale skin, sweating Oxygen therapy, diuretics, morphine
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Pneumothorax
HEALTHY LUNG
Pneumothorax
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Pulmonary Embolism Heart attacks, fractured hips, cancer, long periods of inactivity Fainting, sudden shortness of breath, hemoptysis, wheezing, tachycardia, chest pain Support stockings, clot-dissolving medications, anti-coagulants, surgical filter insertion
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Viruses Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, muscle aches Rest, anti-viral medications
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Pulmonary embolism (1)
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Diseases Causes Signs and Symptoms Treatment
Sinusitis Bacteria, blockage of sinus openings Fever, cough, sore throat, facial pain, nasal decongestion Nasal decongestants, nasal steroid sprays, antibiotics
Tuberculosis Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cough lasting gt3 weeks, fever or chills, weight loss, night sweats, pain when breathing TB testing, Drug therapy
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• Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB
  bacteria can attack any part of the body such as
  the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated
  properly, TB disease can be fatal.  
• Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes
  sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions
  exist latent TB infection and TB disease.
• The bacteria can live in the body without making
  you sick, you are not infectious and cannot
  spread TB bacteria to others.
• If TB bacteria become active in the body and
  multiply, will go from having latent TB infection
  to being sick with TB disease
• TB is spread through the air from one person to
  another.
• The TB bacteria are put into the air when a
  person with
• TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs,
  sneezes,
• speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe
• in these bacteria and become infected.

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Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease
that affects the lungs and digestive system of
about 30,000 children and adults in the United
States (70,000 worldwide). A defective gene and
its protein product cause the body to produce
unusually thick, sticky mucus that clogs the
lungs and leads to life-threatening lung
infections and obstructs the pancreas and stops
natural enzymes from helping the body break down
and absorb food.
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Chest Physiotherapy positions
The Vest
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

• Sudden infant death syndrome has no specific
  signs or symptoms and no known causes.

Risk Factors

• More common in male infants
• Babies between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 months
  are most susceptible
• Premature or low birth weight babies are at risk
• Babies with a sibling that died of SIDS
• African American and Native American babies are
  at highest risk
• Babies who were prenatally exposed to cocaine,
  heroine, or nicotine
• Babies who sleep on their stomachs are three
  times more likely to die from SIDS

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Apply Your Knowledge
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Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
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END OF PRESENTATION
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