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Ch.15, Sec.1- America

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Ch.15, Sec.1- America s Spiritual Awakening – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ch.15, Sec.1- America


1
Ch.15, Sec.1- Americas Spiritual Awakening
2
The Second Great Awakening
  • Charles Grandison Finney was one of the most
    important leaders of the Second Great Awakening.
    Finney held prayer meetings that would last for
    days, and many people converted to Christianity
    during these revivals.
  • Church membership grew across the country during
    the Second Great Awakening, many of whom were
    women or African-American.

3
Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities
  • Transcendentalism was the belief that people
    could rise above the material things in life,
    such as money and personal belongings.
    Transcendentalists believed that people should
    depend on themselves instead of upon outside
    authority. Some people who believed in this
    philosophy were
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote about his beliefs
    in his essay Self Reliance in 1841. In his essay,
    he said Americans depended too much on
    institutions and traditions, and he wanted people
    to follow their personal beliefs and use their
    own judgment.
  • Margaret Fuller, who wrote a book called Woman in
    the Nineteenth Century in 1845. In it, she said
    women had the right to choose their own paths in
    life.
  • Henry David Thoreau, who expressed his ideas in
    his book Walden, or Life in the Woods, in 1854.

4
Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities cont.
  • In the 1840s some transcendentalists formed a
    community at Brook Farm, Massachusetts, which
    didnt last long. It was an attempt at having a
    utopian community, which tried to form a perfect
    society on Earth. In 1774, Ann Lee started a
    community of Shakers, which were called that
    because their bodies would shake during worship.

5
The American Romantics
  • Famous American romantics during this time period
    were 1. Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote The
    Scarlet Letter. 2. Herman Melville, who wrote
    Moby Dick and Billy Budd. 3. Edgar Allen Poe, who
    wrote The Raven.
  • Several famous poets came out of this time period
    as well, like Emily Dickinson, who only had 2 of
    her poems published during her lifetime, but
    hundreds published after her death in 1886. Henry
    Wadsworth Longfellow published Hiawatha, the
    Courtship of Miles Standish, and Tales of a
    Wayside Inn. John Greenleaf Whittier wrote Poems
    Written during the Progress of the Abolition
    Question. Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass
    in 1855.

6
Sec.2- Immigrants and Cities
7
Waves of Immigrants
  • More than 4 million immigrants settled in the
    U.S. between 1840 and 1860, which 3 million were
    German or Irish. Most of the Irish immigrants who
    came over during this time period came to escape
    the Potato famine.

8
The Nativist Response
  • Americans who opposed immigration and didnt
    trust Catholic immigrants were called nativists.
    In 1849, nativists founded a secret society that
    became a political organization known as the
    Know-Nothing Party. It was called this because
    when asked a question by an outsider they
    responded I know nothing. They wanted to keep
    Catholics and immigrants out of public office.
    They also wanted immigrants to have to live in
    the U.S. for at least 21 years before they could
    become citizens.

9
Urban Problems
  • Many people, particularly immigrants, could only
    afford to live in dirty, overcrowded buildings
    called tenements. Many cities did not have clean
    water, public health regulations, or clean ways
    to get rid of garbage and human waste. This led
    to the spreading of diseases. Urban areas also
    became centers of criminal activity, with most
    cities having no permanent police force to fight
    crime. Instead, they used volunteer night
    watches, which were pretty useless.

10
Sec.3- Reforming Society
11
Prison Reform
  • Dorothea Dix reported on the conditions in
    prisons of how mentally ill people were being
    jailed with criminals. In response, the
    government of Massachusetts created special,
    separate facilities for mentally ill people.
    Eventually more than 100 state hospitals were
    built.

12
Campaigning against Alcohol Abuse
  • During the 1830s, the average alcohol consumption
    per person was 7 gallons a year. Many reformers
    believed alcohol abuse caused social problems
    such as family violence, poverty, and criminal
    behavior. Americans worries about the effects of
    alcohol led to the growth of a temperance
    movement, which urged people to stop drinking
    hard liquor and limit drinking of beer and wine
    to small amounts. Some people wanted to outlaw
    the sale of alcohol altogether.

13
Education in America
  • Most parents generally wanted their kids to learn
    to read the Bible, write, and do simple math.
    Most children worked in factories or farms to
    help support the family. In schools, the main
    textbook used in the mid-1800s was the McGuffeys
    Readers, put together by an educator and
    Presbyterian minister named William Holmes
    McGuffey. Girls were also held out of school more
    of the time than boys.

14
The Common-School Movement
  • People in the common-school movement wanted all
    children educated in a common place, regardless
    of class or background. Horace Mann was the
    leading voice for education reform in the
    mid-1800s. He doubled the state school budget in
    Massachusetts and helped teachers earn better
    salaries. He also made the school year longer and
    founded the first school for teacher training.

15
Womens Education
  • Catharine Beecher became one of the most
    effective reformers of womens education in the
    early 1800s. She started an all female academy in
    Hartford, Connecticut, and wrote several
    important essays, including On the Education of
    Female Teachers.
  • In 1821, Emma Willard founded a college level
    institution for women called Troy Female
    Seminary, which was the first school of its kind
    in the U.S.
  • In 1837, Oberlin College became the first
    co-educational college in the U.S.

16
African American Schools
  • In 1835, Oberlin College was the first college to
    admit black students.

17
Teaching People with Disabilities
  • Samuel Gridley Howe opened a school in 1831
    called the Perkins Institution in Massachusetts
    for people with visual impairments.
  • In 1817, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founded the
    first free American school for people with
    hearing impairments in Hartford, Connecticut.

18
Sec.4- The Movement to End Slavery
19
Abolition
  • Some people wanted abolition, or the complete end
    to slavery, and some wanted emancipation, where
    all enslaved African Americans would be freed
    from slavery.
  • Some antislavery reformers wanted to send freed
    African Americans to Africa to start colonies
    there. In 1817, a minister named Robert Finley
    started the American Colonization Society. 5
    Years later, the society founded the colony of
    Liberia on the west coast of Africa. About 12,000
    African Americans eventually settled in Liberia.
  • David Walker wrote in an essay in 1829, titled
    Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, why
    he was against colonization.

20
Spreading the Abolitionist Message
  • William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist
    newspaper in 1831 called The Liberator. In 1833,
    he also helped found the American Anti-Slavery
    Society, which wanted immediate emancipation and
    racial equality for African Americans.
  • Angelina and Sarah Grimke were members of a
    slaveholding family in South Carolina. Angelina
    Grimke wrote a pamphlet titled Appeal to the
    Christian Women of the South in 1836. These 2
    sisters became the first women to speak before
    male and female audiences of Anti-Slavery
    Society. In 1839, they wrote American Slavery As
    It Is, which was one of the most important
    antislavery writings of the time.

21
African Americans Fight Against Slavery
  • Frederick Douglass published a pro-abolition
    newspaper called North Star.
  • In 1861, Harriet Jacobs wrote Incidents in the
    Life of a Slave Girl, which was one of the few
    narratives written by a woman.
  • William Wells Brown wrote an anti-slavery play
    and novel called Clotel.

22
The Underground Railroad
  • The Underground Railroad was a network of people
    who arranged transportation and hiding places for
    escaped slaves. These slaves were guided by the
    North Star. They would stop to rest at
    stations. These would be the homes of
    abolitionists known as conductors. The most
    famous of the conductors on the Underground
    Railroad was Harriet Tubman. Tubman escaped
    slavery in 1849, and she also led her family and
    more than 300 slaves to freedom. She never lost a
    fugitive. It is estimated that about 40,000
    slaves were set free by the Underground Railroad
    between 1810 and 1850.
  • Between 1836-1844 the U.S. House of
    Representatives used a Gag Rule to prevent
    discussions of the thousands of antislavery
    petitions it received, which violated the First
    Amendment.

23
Sec.5- Womens Rights
24
The Seneca Falls Convention
  • In 1838, Sarah Grimke published a pamphlet
    arguing for equal rights for women called Letters
    on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of
    Women.
  • In 1840, Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the
    Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention in London,
    England while on her honeymoon. Stanton had to
    watch the meeting separately from her husband
    because women could not participate. Women had to
    sit in a separate gallery of the convention hall,
    hidden from the mens view by a curtain. 8 years
    later, Stanton and Lucretia Mott announced the
    Seneca Falls Convention. This meeting began on
    July 19, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York. This
    convention was the first public meeting about
    womens rights to be held in the U.S.

25
The Continuing Struggle
  • Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony were important
    leaders in the womens rights movement. Anthony
    argued that women and men should receive equal
    pay for equal work and that women should be
    allowed to enter traditionally male professions
    such as law. Anthony also collected more than
    6,000 signatures to petition for a new property
    rights law. In 1860, New York gave married women
    ownership of their wages and property, which
    other states soon followed with similar laws.
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