Ch.1, Sec.1 The Earliest Americans

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Ch.1, Sec.1 The Earliest Americans
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Ch.2, Sec.1- Europeans Set Sail
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The European Economy Grows

• Europes wealth and population grew throughout
  the Middle Ages until Italian Merchant ships
  carrying rats from Asia came. The rats were
  infected with a deadly disease called the bubonic
  plague, causing the Black Death from about
  1348-1350, killing 30 million people, or
  one-third of Europes population.
• During the Commercial Revolution, instead of
  setting the prices at what the community said was
  fair, which is how merchants had done it before,
  merchants became more focused on making a profit.
• Medici was a wealthy family of people that opened
  banks and gave loans to high ranking government
  officials, giving them power.

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The Renaissance

• The Renaissance began in Italy and lasted from
  1300-1600.
• Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa
• Michelangelo Buonarroti- statue David, ceiling of
  the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican in Rome.
• Baldassare Castiglione- wrote Book of the
  Courtier
• Johannes Gutenberg- invented movable type for
  printing presses, making it easier and less
  expensive to make copies of a book. By 1500,
  Europe had 15-20 million books.
• Astrolabe and compass made it easier to explore
  across the ocean.

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Trade with Africa and Asia

• From Africa- gold, ivory, salt and slaves
• From Asia- silk and spices
• Along the way each merchant raised the price of
  the goods when selling to the next trader, until
  prices were very high when they reached Europe.

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The Portuguese Explore Africa

• Prince Henry- also called the navigator, made
  Portugal leader in exploration. Also had
  designers develop a small ship called a caravel.
• Bartolomeu Dias- 1487-1488 Portuguese explorer
  went south along the coast of Africa. Storm blew
  him around the southern tip of Africa, which he
  named Cape of Good Hope. Dias wanted to continue,
  crew did not. This led to the African slave trade.

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Sec.2- Voyages to the Americas
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Columbuss Bold Idea

• Christopher Columbus- Italian explorer who
  believed he could reach Asia by sailing west
  across the Atlantic Ocean.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella funded his
  voyage, but he had to wait six years because
  Spain was at war with Granada when he asked.
  Other countries, including Italy, turned him down
  thinking he was crazy.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised
  Columbus he would be a viceroy, or royal governor
  of any land he explored.

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Crossing the Ocean

• Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492.
• Had 3 ships Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
  Columbus was on the Santa Maria.

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Columbuss First Explorations

• October 12, 1492, landed on an island in the
  Bahamas. Columbus named it San Salvador, which
  means Holy Savior. He thought he was near the
  coast of China or the islands of Japan.
• Columbus met the Taino on the island of
  Hispaniola which he called indians because he
  thought he landed in the Indies.
• After 2 months of exploring, he heads back to
  Spain, but Santa Maria hits coral reef and sinks.
  They were forced to leave 40 men behind at a
  place they called La Navidad. He promised to
  return for them and he left for Spain on the Nina
  in January 1493.

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Europe Learns of Columbuss Voyage

• Columbus brings back Taino with him and wanted to
  make them slaves. Queen Isabella wanted to
  convert them to Christianity.
• Ferdinand persuades Pope Alexander VI to create
  Line of Demarcation, showing what land Spain and
  Portugal could explore and claim. Portuguese king
  John II said it favored Spain, so line was moved
  800 miles west in June 1494 as part of the Treaty
  of Tordesillas.

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Columbuss Later Voyages

• Columbus returned to La Navidad in 1493 on his
  second voyage but all the men were killed.
• Columbus was first European explorer to see South
  America in 1498.
• Columbus fought with the Taino because against
  the queens wishes he tried to enslave them. He
  was them removed as governor. Columbus pleaded
  with the king and queen for one last voyage. He
  set sail in 1502 and wrecked on the coast of
  Jamaica after encountering a storm. After one
  year there, he was rescued and brought back to
  Spain in 1504. He was humiliated by this and died
  two years later in 1506.

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Sec.3- The Race for Trade Routes
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Portugals Great Discoveries

• Vasco da Gama- discovered a sea route to Asia
  around the southern tip of Africa.
• Pedro Alvars Cabral- accidentally reached the
  coast of South America after being blown around
  in a storm. Landed around whats today Brazil and
  claimed it for Portugal.

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Cabot and Vespucci Explore

• John Cabot paid for his own voyage and hoped to
  find Asia by sailing farther north than Columbus
  did. Instead he finds North America believed to
  have been around Newfoundland in present day
  Canada. His voyages led to Englands claim to
  much of North America. Disappeared on his second
  voyage.
• Amerigo Vespucci- Italian explorer who in 1501
  reached the coast of present-day South America.
  Mapmaker named the continents America in honor of
  him.

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Balboa Reaches the Pacific

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa- discovered the Pacific
  Ocean in 1513. He had no idea it was a huge body
  of water so he named it the South Sea. Spanish
  authorities viewed him as a threat and executed
  him for treason in 1519.

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Sailing Around the Globe

• Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese explorer accused
  of treason in his country so convinced Spain to
  let him explore for them instead in September
  1519. Captains didnt trust him because he
  wouldnt tell them where they were going. He was
  searching for a sea passage through South
  America. Found a strait at the southern tip of
  South America he named Strait of Magellan. Lost 2
  ships along the way. Tried to find Asia, and crew
  named the South Sea the Pacific Ocean. He was
  killed in the Philippines in a local war. Juan
  Sebastian de Elcano led the rest of the crew back
  to Spain in September 1522. Only 18 of the
  original 250 crewmen made it back to Spain. Those
  18 were the first to circumnavigate, or sail
  around the world, and they found a westward sea
  route to Asia.

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Sec.4- The Opening of the Atlantic
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The Columbian Exchange

• Explorers carried plants, animals, and
  diseases to the New World of the Americas. They
  brought back plants and animals to Asia, Africa,
  and Europe. This was called the Columbian
  Exchange because it resulted from Columbuss
  exploration.
• Goods brought to Europe, Africa and Asia
  corn, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, cocoa
• Goods brought to the New World horses,
  cattle, pigs, wheat, barley, rice, bananas,
  measles, smallpox, typhus. Diseases killed
  hundreds of thousands of American Indians.

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The Search for a Northwest Passage

• Giovanni da Verrazano- did not find a Northwest
  Passage.
• Jacques Cartier- went to Canada at St. Lawrence
  River, Montreal and near Quebec. Also did not
  find passage.
• Samuel de Champlain- Founded Quebec and is
  responsible for most of Frances claim to Canada.
  Also did not find passage.
• Henry Hudson- Discovered Hudson Bay. Hudson
  wanted to keep searching but his crew did not, so
  they put him in a small boat, and he was never
  seen again. Also did not find passage.

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Mesoamerica and South America

• The capital city of the Aztecs was Tenochtitlan,
  which is where Mexico City is today.
• The capital city of the Incas was Cuzco.

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Sec.3- Europe During the Middle Ages
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The Viking Explorations

• The Vikings were from Scandinavia.
• Leif Eriksson and his crew were the first
  Europeans to land in North America, landing in
  Newfoundland in present-day Canada.

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The Middle Ages

• The fall of the Roman Empire was the beginning of
  the Middle Ages, lasting from 500-1500 A.D.
• During the Middle Ages, a new system of
  government called feudalism, which people known
  as vassals pledged their loyalty to a lord in
  exchange for land.
• The difference between tenants and serfs was
  tenants rented land from the lord and could leave
  when their rental agreement was over. Serfs lived
  on the manor, or estate, for life in exchange for
  protection from the lord.

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The Catholic Church

• Monasteries were religious communities in which
  men called monks devoted their lives to
  practicing Christianity.
• Convents were religious centers where women
  called nuns spent most of their time.

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Sec.4- Trade Across Continents
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The Spread of Islam

• Muhammad started the religion of Islam. His
  followers wrote his messages in a book called the
  Quran. Followers of Islam were called Muslims.
  They are also responsible for developing Algebra.

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The Crusades

• The Crusades took place for over 150 years and
  was fighting that took place between Christians
  and Muslims over the holy land, mainly Jerusalem.
  The Muslims were able to take and maintain
  control of the holy land.