Protists and Algal Blooms Chapter 7

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Protists and Algal BloomsChapter 7

• After completing the lesson, students will be
  able to describe the characteristics of
  animal-like, funguslike, and plantlike protists
  describe how red tides occur and explain why they
  are dangerous explain how the rapid growth of
  algae affects a pond or lake.

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LS.1 The student will plan and conduct
investigations in which a) data are organized
into tables showing repeated trials and
means b) variables are defined c) metric
units (SIInternational System of Units) are
used f) dependent variables, independent
variables, and constants are identified g)
variables are controlled to test hypotheses, and
trials are repeatedLS.2 The student will
investigate and understand that all living things
are composed of cells. Key concepts include a)
cell structure and organelles (cell membrane,
cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondrion,
endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and
chloroplast)LS.3 The student will investigate
and understand that living things show patterns
of cellular organization. Key concepts
include a) cells, tissues, organs, and systems
and b) life functions and processes of cells,
tissues, organs, and systems (respiration,
removal of wastes, growth, reproduction,
digestion, and cellular transport).LS.4 The
student will investigate and understand that the
basic needs of organisms must be met in order to
carry out life processes. Key concepts
include a) plant needs (light, water, gases, and
nutrients) b) animal needs (food, water, gases,
shelter, space) and c) factors that influence
life processes.LS.5 The student will investigate
and understand how organisms can be classified.
Key concepts include a) the distinguishing
characteristics of kingdoms of organisms b) the
distinguishing characteristics of major animal
and plant phyla and c) the characteristics of
the species.LS.7 The student will investigate
and understand that organisms within an ecosystem
are dependent on one another and on nonliving
components of the environment. Key concepts
include c) complex relationships within
terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems
andLS.12 The student will investigate and
understand the relationships between ecosystem
dynamics and human activity. Key concepts
include d) population disturbances and factors
that threaten or enhance species survival
and e) environmental issues (water supply, air
quality, energy production, and waste management).
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LAB LAB LAB LAB LAB LAB

• Use Care when handling the equipment!!!!
• Place a drop of pond water on a microscope slide.
• Place the slide under your microscopes low-power
  lens. Focus on the objects you see.
• Find at least three different objects that you
  think might be organisms. Observe them for a
  few minutes.
• Draw the three organisms in your lab notebook.
  Below each sketch, describe the movements or
  behaviors of the organism.

• Wash your hands when you are finished!!!

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Protist

• The kingdom Protista is a diverse group that may
  include more than ____________ species.
• Defined not by what they are but what they are
  not they are not plants, animals, fungi, or
  prokaryotes.
• Protists are __________ that are NOT members of
  the kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi.
• Protists are a diverse group of mainly
  _____________________ eukaryotes.

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Protist

• The Kingdom Protista is a diverse group that may
  include more than 200,000 species.
• Defined not by what they are but what they are
  not they are not plants, animals, fungi, or
  prokaryotes.
• Protists are eukaryotes that are NOT members of
  the kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi.
• Protists are a diverse group of mainly
  single-celled eukaryotes.

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The Very First

• Protists are members of a kingdom whose formal
  name, Protista, comes from Greek words meaning
  __________________.
• Protists were the first eukaryotic organisms on
  Earth, appearing _____________years ago.

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The Very First

• Protists are members of a kingdom whose formal
  name, Protista, comes from Greek words meaning
  the very first.
• Protists were the first eukaryotic organisms on
  Earth, appearing 1.5 billion years ago.

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Classification

• Protists are so diverse biologists believe they
  should be broken into ____________ kingdoms, but
  cannot agree on how to do this.
• We will classify protists according to the way
  they obtain ___________________.
• Protists that are heterotrophs are called animal
  _________________ protists.
• Protists that produce their own food by
  photosynthesis is called ______________________
  protists.
• Protists that obtain their food by external
  digestion either as decomposers or parasites
  are called __________________ protists.

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Classification

• Protists are so diverse biologists believe they
  should be broken into different kingdoms, but
  cannot agree on how to do this.
• We will classify protists according to the way
  they obtain nutrition.
• Protists that are heterotrophs are called animal
  animallike protists.
• Protists that produce their own food by
  photosynthesis is called plantlike protists.
• Protists that obtain their food by external
  digestion either as decomposers or parasites
  are called funguslike protists.

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Zooflagellates

• Animallike protists that swim using ____________
  are classified in the phylum ________________ and
  are often referred to as ________________.

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Zooflagellates

• Animallike protists that swim using flagella are
  classified in the phylum Zoomastigina and are
  often referred to as zooflagellates.

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Zooflagellates Trichomonas vaginalis
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Sarcodines

• Sarcodines are animallike protists that use
  _____________ for feeding and movement.
• _____________________ are an example of a
  sarcodine.

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Sarcodines

• Sarcodines are animallike protists that use
  psudopods for feeding and movement.
• Amoebas are an example of a sarcodine.

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Amoeba
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Mini Lab Mini Lab Mini Lab

• Turn to pages 220 and 221 in your text book.
• Complete the handout by filling in the blanks.
• Attach the completed handout in your notebook.

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Ciliates

• Members of the phylum Ciliophora, known as
  ciliates, use cilia for __________ and _______.

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Ciliates

• Members of the phylum Ciliophora, known as
  ciliates, use cilia for feeding and movement.

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Ciliates
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Sporozoans

• Members of the phylum Sporozoa do not __________
  on their own and are ______________.
• ______________ are parasites of a wide variety of
  organisms, including worms, fish, birds, and
  humans.
• Sporozoans reproduce by means of ______________.

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Sporozoans

• Members of the phylum Sporozoa do not move on
  their own and are parasitic.
• Sporozoans are parasites of a wide variety of
  organisms, including worms, fish, birds, and
  humans.
• Sporozoans reproduce by means of sporozoites.

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Anopheles Mosquito
Anopheles Mosquito can transmit Plasmodium
sporozoities. Once in the human body, Plasmodium
infects liver cells and red blood cells and
multiplies. Infected red blood cells burst,
releasing merzoities that infect other red blood
cells.
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Diseases

• Animallike protists can cause serious diseases,
  including __________ and African ________
  sickness.

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Diseases

• Animallike protists can cause serious diseases,
  including malaria and African sleeping sickness.

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Plantlike Protists Unicellular Algae

• Contain the green pigment __________ and carry
  out photosynthesis.
• Highly _________ able to move about freely
• Perform ___________________
• Commonly called ______________

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Plantlike Protists Unicellular Algae

• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll and carry
  out photosynthesis.
• Highly motile able to move about freely
• Perform photosynthesis
• Commonly called algae

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Types of Plantlike Protists

• _________________ are plantlike protists that
  have two flagella but no cell wall. They do not
  have a cell wall, but they do have an intricate
  cell membrane called a pellicle. Members of the
  phylum Euglenophyta.
• __________________ are members of the phylum
  Chrysophyta. They are a diverse group of
  plantlike protists that have gold-colored
  chloroplasts. Most are solitary, but some form
  threadlike colonies.
• _________________ produce thin, delicate cell
  walls rich in silicon (Si) the main component
  in glass. Member of the phylum Bacillariophyta.

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Types of Plantlike Protists

• Euglenophytes are plantlike protists that have
  two flagella but no cell wall. They do not have
  a cell wall, but they do have an intricate cell
  membrane called a pellicle. Members of the
  phylum Euglenophyta.
• Chrysophytes are members of the phylum
  Chrysophyta. They are a diverse group of
  plantlike protists that have gold-colored
  chloroplasts. Most are solitary, but some form
  threadlike colonies.
• Diatoms produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in
  silicon (Si) the main component in glass.
  Member of the phylum Bacillariophyta.

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Plantlike Protists - Dinoflagellates

• Belong to the phylum Pyrrophyta
• About half are photosynthetic and the other half
  live as heterotrophs
• Many are luminescent when agitated give off
  light Pyrrophyta means fire plants

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Using your text book (Chapter 20) complete the
handout labeled 1.
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Algal Blooms

• Protists absorb organic material directly and use
  it for ________. These protists play an
  important role in ______________ sewage and other
  waste.
• When waste is ___________, protist populations
  grow into enormous masses known as
  _______________.
• These ________ ______________ deplete the water
  of nutrients, and the cells die in great numbers.
  The decomposition of these dead algae can rob
  the water of oxygen killing fish and invertebrate
  life.
• ________ shellfish from water infected by red
  tide can cause serious illness, paralysis, and
  even __________.

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Algal Blooms

• Protists absorb organic material directly and use
  it for food. These protists play an important
  role in recycling sewage and other waste.
• When waste is excessive , protist populations
  grow into enormous masses known as blooms.
• These algal blooms deplete the water of
  nutrients, and the cells die in great numbers.
  The decomposition of these dead algae can rob the
  water of oxygen killing fish and invertebrate
  life.
• Eating shellfish from water infected by red tide
  can cause serious illness, paralysis, and even
  death.

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Red, Brown, and Green Algae

• __________ algae are able to live at great depths
  due to their efficiency in harvesting light
  energy. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and
  reddish accessory pigments called phycobilins.
• ________________ algae contain chlorophyll a and
  c, as well as a brown accessory pigment,
  fucoxanthin.
• __________________ algae share many
  characteristics with plants, including their
  photosynthetic pigments and cell wall
  composition.

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Red, Brown, and Green Algae

• Red algae are able to live at great depths due to
  their efficiency in harvesting light energy. Red
  algae contain chlorophyll a and reddish accessory
  pigments called phycobilins.
• Brown algae contain chlorophyll a and c, as well
  as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin.
• Green algae share many characteristics with
  plants, including their photosynthetic pigments
  and cell wall composition.

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Funguslike Protists

• Like fungi, the __________ protists are
  heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from _____ or
  _________ organic matter. But unlike most true
  fungi, funguslike protists have ___________. The
  also lack the ________ cell walls of true fungi.

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Funguslike Protists

• Like fungi, the funguslike protists are
  heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or
  decaying organic matter. But unlike most true
  fungi, funguslike protists have centrioles. The
  also lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi.

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Slime Molds

• Slime molds are __________ protists that play key
  roles in _______________ organic material.
• At one stage of their life cycle, slime molds
  look just like amoebas. At other stages, they
  form moldlike clumps that produce ______________,
  almost like fungi.

• Two broad groups of slime molds are recognized.
• The individual cells of _______________________re
  main distinct separated by cell membranes-
  during the entire life cycle.
• Slime molds that pass through a stage in which
  their cells fuse to form large cells with many
  nuclei are called ______________________.

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Slime Molds

• Slime molds are funguslike protists that play key
  roles in recycling organic material.
• At one stage of their life cycle, slime molds
  look just like amoebas. At other stages, they
  form moldlike clumps that produce spores, almost
  like fungi.

• Two broad groups of slime molds are recognized.
• The individual cells of cellular slime molds
  remain distinct separated by cell membranes-
  during the entire life cycle.
• Slime molds that pass through a stage in which
  their cells fuse to form large cells with many
  nuclei are called acellular slime molds.

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Water Molds

• ________________ belong to the phylum Oomycota.
  (It is the white fuzz growing on dead fish.)
• _________________ thrive on dead or decaying
  organic matter in water and some are plant
  parasites on land.
• One famous Oomycetes is the Phytophthora
  infestans.
• Havent heard of it? It produces spores that
  destroy all parts of the potato plant. This lead
  to the __________ _________ in 1845. This
  infestation caused _________ Irish people to die
  of starvation and disease.

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Water Molds

• Oomycetes belong to the phylum Oomycota. (It is
  the white fuzz growing on dead fish.)
• Oomycetes thrive on dead or decaying organic
  matter in water and some are plant parasites on
  land.
• One famous Oomycetes is the Phytophthora
  infestans.
• Havent heard of it? It produces spores that
  destroy all parts of the potato plant. This lead
  to the Potato Famine in 1845. This infestation
  caused 1 million Irish people to die of
  starvation and disease.

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FUNGI

• After completing the lesson, students will be
  able to name the characteristics that all fungi
  share describe how fungi obtain food list the
  roles fungi play in the living world describe
  the ways that fungi reproduce.

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Attacked

• Unnoticed, a speck of dust lands on a crickets
  back. But this is no ordinary dust it is
  alive!!!
• Tiny glistening threads emerge from the dust and
  begin to grow into the hosts moist body. As
  they grow the threads release chemicals that
  slowly dissolve the insects living tissues. In a
  few days there is only a hollow shell. Then the
  fungus grows and produces and releases more
  killer dust to emerge and find another victim.

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What Are Fungi?

• ______________ vary in size from the
  _________________ _____________ to the
  _______________ ______________, such as mushrooms
  and the bracket fungi that look like shelves
  growing on the tree trunk.
• Most _______________ share the important
  characteristics They are __________________,
  use ________________ to reproduce, and are
  _____________________ that feed in a similar way.
• In addition, _______________ need
  __________________, __________________ places in
  which to grow.

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What Are Fungi?

• Fungi vary in size from the unicellular yeasts to
  the multicellular fungi, such as mushrooms and
  the bracket fungi that look like shelves growing
  on the tree trunk.
• Most fungi share the important characteristics
  They are eukaryotes, use spores to reproduce, and
  are heterotrophs that feed in a similar way.
• In addition, fungi need moist, warm places in
  which to grow.

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Cell Structure

• Except for __________ cells, which are
  ________________, the cells of fungi are arranged
  in structures called ______________.
  _________________ are the branching, threadlike
  tubes that make up the bodies of _______________
  fungi. The _________ of some fungi are
  continuous threads of cytoplasm that contain many
  nuclei. Substances move quickly and freely
  through the _________________.
• The appearance of the fungus depends on how its
  ____________ are arranged. ________
  _____________ ____________ fuzzy looking mold
  on bread or _________ ____________ _________
  mushroom body and cap

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Cell Structure

• Except for yeast cells, which are unicellular,
  the cells of fungi are arranged in structures
  called hyphae. Hyphae are the branching,
  threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of
  multicellular fungi. The hyphae of some fungi
  are continuous threads of cytoplasm that contain
  many nuclei. Substances move quickly and freely
  through the hyphae.
• The appearance of the fungus depends on how its
  hyphae are arranged. Loosely tangled hyphae
  fuzzy looking mold on bread or tightly formed
  hyphae mushroom body and cap

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Hyphae Up Close
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How Do Fungi Obtain Food

• The fungus grows ___________ into a food source.
  Then ________ _____________ ooze from the hyphae
  into the food. The digestive chemicals break
  down the food into small substances that can be
  ____________ by the hyphae.
• For example, ______________ _______________ is a
  disease caused by a fungus that feeds on the
  chemicals in a persons skin.

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How Do Fungi Obtain Food

• The fungus grows hyphae into a food source. Then
  digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the
  food. The digestive chemicals break down the
  food into small substances that can be absorbed
  by the hyphae.
• For example, athletes foot is a disease caused
  by a fungus that feeds on the chemicals in a
  persons skin.

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Reproduction in Fungi

• Fungi usually reproduce by producing lightweight
  ________________ that are surrounded by a
  protective ________________. __________________
  can be carried easily through air or water to new
  sites. Only a ______________ of the thousands of
  spores that a fungus releases will fall where
  conditions are right for them to grow into new
  organisms.
• Fungi produce spores in structures called
  __________________ ________________, which are
  ___________________________ _________________
  that grow out of fungus. The appearance of
  fruiting bodies differ from fungi to fungi. For
  example, in mushrooms and puffballs the part you
  see is the fruiting body. In bread mold, the
  stalklike fruiting body grows up from the hyphae
  on the surface of the bread. The knoblike
  structure, or ____________ ______________________,
  at the tip of the stalk contains the spores.

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Reproduction in Fungi

• Fungi usually reproduce by producing lightweight
  spores that are surrounded by a protective
  covering. Spores can be carried easily through
  air or water to new sites. Only a few of the
  thousands of spores that a fungus releases will
  fall where conditions are right for them to grow
  into new organisms.
• Fungi produce spores in structures called
  fruiting bodies, which are reproductive hyphae
  that grow out of fungus. The appearance of
  fruiting bodies differ from fungi to fungi. For
  example, in mushrooms and puffballs the part you
  see is the fruiting body. In bread mold, the
  stalklike fruiting body grows up from the hyphae
  on the surface of the bread. The knoblike
  structure, or spore case, at the tip of the stalk
  contains the spores.

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Asexual Reproduction

• Most fungi reproduce both _______________________
  and ___________________. When there is adequate
  moisture and food, most fungi reproduce
  __________________ by growing fruiting bodies
  that release thousands of spores.
• __________________ yeast cells undergo a form of
  asexual reproduction called _____________. In
  _______________, no spores are produced.
  Instead, a small yeast cell grows from the body
  of a large, well-fed ______________ cell in a way
  that might remind you of a bud forming on the
  branch of a tree. The new cell then breaks
  away and
  lives on its own.

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Asexual Reproduction

• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
  When there is adequate moisture and food, most
  fungi reproduce asexually by growing fruiting
  bodies that release thousands of spores.
• Unicellular yeast cells undergo a form of asexual
  reproduction called budding. In budding, no
  spores are produced. Instead, a small yeast
  cell grows from the body of a large, well-fed
  parent cell in a way that might remind you of a
  bud forming on the branch of a tree. The new
  cell then breaks away and lives on its own.

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Sexual Reproduction

• When growing conditions become unfavorable, fungi
  may reproduce ________________. In sexual
  reproduction, the ________________ of two fungi
  grow together and ______________ ____________ is
  exchanged. A new spore-producing structure
  grows from the joined __________________. The
  new structure produces _________________, which
  can develop into fungi that ____________________
  from either parent.

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Sexual Reproduction

• When growing conditions become unfavorable, fungi
  may reproduce sexually. In sexual reproduction,
  the hyphae of two fungi grow together and genetic
  material is exchanged. A new spore-producing
  structure grows from the joined hyphae. The new
  structure produces spores, which can develop into
  fungi that differ from either parent.

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Classification of Fungi

• Fungi are classified into groups based on the
  ______________ of the spore-producing structures
  and on their ability to reproduce
  _________________.

• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________ (The book does not add these to
  the classification list, but we are.)

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Classification of Fungi

• Fungi are classified into groups based on the
  shape of the spore-producing structures and on
  their ability to reproduce sexually.

• Threadlike Fungi (Zygote Fungi)
• Sac Fungi
• Club Fungi
• Imperfect Fungi
• Lichens
• (The book does not add these to the
  classification list, but we are.)

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Lichens

• A lichen consistes of a fungus and either
  _______________ or _______________ ___________
  that also live together in a ________________
  relationship.
• Lichens are often called the _____________
  organisms because they are the first organisms to
  appear on the bare rocks in an area after a
  volcano, fire, or rock slide has occurred. Over
  time, lichens ___________ _______________ the
  rock into _____________ in which other organisms
  can grow.

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Lichens

• A lichen consistes of a fungus and either algae
  or autotrophic bacteria that also live together
  in a mutualistic relationship.
• Lichens are often called the pioneer organisms
  because they are the first organisms to appear on
  the bare rocks in an area after a volcano, fire,
  or rock slide has occurred. Over time, lichens
  break down the rock into soil in which other
  organisms can grow.

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Threadlike (Zygote) Fungi

• This group contains about __________ different
  species of molds, including many common
  _______________ _______________. These fungi
  produce spores in their threadlike hyphae.

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Threadlike (Zygote) Fungi

• This group contains about 600 different species
  of molds, including many common bread molds.
  These fungi produce spores in their threadlike
  hyphae.

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Sac Fungi

• The group contains over ____________ diverse
  species of fungi, including _________, morels,
  ____________, and some fungi that cause plant
  diseases, such as Dutch Elm Disease. The are
  called sac fungi because they produce _________
  in structures that look like sacks.

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Sac Fungi

• The group contains over 30,000 diverse species of
  fungi, including yeast, morels, truffles, and
  some fungi that cause plant diseases, such as
  Dutch Elm Disease. The are called sac fungi
  because they produce spores in structures that
  look like sacks.

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Imperfect Fungi

• The ____________ species in this group include
  Penicillium, the source of an important
  _______________. The fungi in this group are
  not known to reproduce _______________.

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Imperfect Fungi

• The 25,000 species in this group include
  Penicillium, the source of an important
  antibiotic. The fungi in this group are not
  known to reproduce sexually.

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Club Fungi

• This group includes ___________ species of
  mushrooms, bracket fungi, plant parasites, and
  puffballs. Club fungi produce spores in
  structures that look like ______________.

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Club Fungi

• This group includes 25,000 species of mushrooms,
  bracket fungi, plant parasites, and puffballs.
  Club fungi produce spores in structures that look
  like clubs.

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Fungi and the Living World

• Fungi play an important role as ______________ on
  Earth. In addition, many fungi provide
  __________ for people. Some ______________
  disease and some ___________ disease.

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Fungi and the Living World

• Fungi play an important role as decomposers on
  Earth. In addition, many fungi provide foods
  for people. Some cause disease and some fight
  disease.

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Fairy Rings