The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution
2
Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Efficiency
• 1) Common lands are fenced off for efficiency
• 2) Landowners received more profit
• 3) More investment capital, which is money to
  invest in labor, machines, and raw materials.
• Who profited in early Industrial Revolution?
• The aristocracy and the middle class
  (landowners).

3
Reasons for Industrial Revolution

• Why Great Britain (GB)?
• Great Britain had rich supplies of raw materials
  (iron and coal).
• Who else had these natural resources?
• The US and France.
• GB possessed a large pool of workers (5 million
  people in 1700 to 9 million in 1800). Lots of
  entrepreneurs (middle class).
• More here because of less strife and since it is
  an island nation with a parliament, less govt
  interference.

4
Textile Innovation

• The textile industry saw many innovations
• Flying Shuttle (John Kay 1733)
• Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves 1760s)
• Water Frame (Richard Arkwright 1768) huge
  spinning machine that ran continually on
  waterpower
• Power Loom (Edmund Cartwright 1778)
• Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney 1793)
• Steam Engine (James Watt 1760s)

5
Textile Innovation

• Conversion of iron to steel known as the
  Bessemer process (William Kelly and Henry
  Bessemer mid-1800s), and steam boat trade
  (Robert Fulton 1807) also British Richard
  Trevithicks steam carriage 1801.
• Why were people more dependent on textile
  mills?.machiney was too big for the home.

6
GBs Quick Growth

• Industrial Capitalism Continually expanding
  factories or investing in new business.
• Interchangeable Parts Invented by Eli Whitney
  this process made machine-made parts that were
  exactly alike and easily assembled.

7
GBs Quick Growth (con.)

• Division of Labor Frederick Taylors plan to
  divide tasks into detailed and specialized
  segments.
• An economic system where workers were hired to
  complete a specialized task in a moving line.
• Henry Ford devised the assembly line to mass
  produce the early automobile in 1913.

8
Making Business

• Stock is sold when a corporation wants to sell an
  interest in their company. People who buy stock
  (or stockholders) hope that that compnays
  profits rise, increasing the price of their
  stock.
• Business cycles in countries are dependent on the
  diversity of a countrys economy, and allow
  people to predict how severe boom or depression
  phases will be.

9
Other Inventions

• Communication improved with Samuel Morses
  telegraph (Morse code) in the 1830s
• then improved upon by the Gulielmo Marconi
  wireless telegraph (1895)
• then improved upon when the telephone was
  invented in 1876 by Alex Graham Bell. Originally
  for the deaf.

10
Other Inventions (con.)

• Michael Faraday saw how electricity acts in a
  copper wire, which led Thomas Edison to invent
  such an electric item as the light bulb.
• Rudolf Diesel developed the oil burning internal
  combustion engine in late 1800s. (Gottlieb
  Daimler also redesigned the internal combustion
  engine in the 1880s) 
• Many byproducts needed to support the Industrial
  Revolution from fuel to rubber for wheels to wood
  for building.

11
Capitalism

• Different types of economics
• Laissez faire (pure capitalism)a policy allowing
  business to operate without interference from
  government.
• What are the positives of this system? It
  encourages competition and lessened regulation,
  which aggravates business. 

12
Adam Smith

• Positive Laissez Faire
• Adam Smith was the Scottish economist that mapped
  out laissez faire policy.
• He wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776) which
  promoted the virtues of competition for the
  greater good. (the more competition, the cheaper
  the product, the best buy for the consumer, and
  business expands? everyone profits.)

13
Malthus

• Negative Laissez Faire Thomas Malthuss An Essay
  on the Principle of Population states that
  population will surely outpace output, which will
  cause famine and poverty.
• David Ricardo believed that intense competition
  (between businesses and laborers for jobs) would
  lead to lower wages and high unemployment.
  (Survival of the fittest spin to this, the poor
  had to act frugally and have less children and
  work harder for jobs)

14
Socialism

• Different types of economics Socialism
  (controlled capitalism) or the belief that the
  means of production (capital, land, raw
  materials, and factories) should be owned and
  controlled by society.
• Competition was the root of all evil. Robert
  Owen sought cooperation at his philosophy,
  setting up cooperative social modeled factories
  in New Harmony (Indiana 1825) and New Lanark
  (Scotland 1800).

15
Karl Marx

• Different types of economics Communism
  (anti-capitalism) or the belief that the class
  system would wither away into a classless society
  through revolution.
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels authored the most
  famous Communist writing the Communist Manifesto
  (1848)(later Das Kapital). The lead line from
  this work states that "the history of all
  hitherto existing society is the history of class
  struggle Proletariat? vs capitalists.
• PLEASE WRITE A BRIEF DESC.

16
Bentham and Mill

• Different types of economics
• Jeremy Bentham advocated utilitarianism, which is
  the idea that society should work for the
  greatest happiness for the greatest number.
  Reforms would result making society and all its
  civil services better.
• John Stuart Mill called on government to
  distribute national wealth more justly through
  taxing income.

17
Science and Innovation

• Cell theory What is it? And why is it
  important?
• Why was cell theory so important to Charles
  Darwin? ________________________
• Supports evolution plants and animals descending
  from a common ancestor over millions of years.
• The theory that all plants and animals descended
  from a common single cell ancestor over millions
  of years is known as evolution. Single
  cell?Complex organisms.

18
Charles Darwin

• Charles Darwin developed a theory of evolution
  based on natural selectionlike Mathus, in On the
  Origins of Species, Darwin believed that animal
  groups increase faster than food supplies.
• Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk (pea plants) In
  the 1860s, this man wondered how plants and
  animals passed characteristics from one
  generation to another. He concluded that this
  was done by the passage of small particles, later
  known as genes.
• Genetics--the science of heredity.

19
Medicine

• Edward Jenner (late 1700s) creates the worlds
  first vaccination  
• French chemist Louis Pasteur (1850s) discovered
  bacteria and proved that they caused infectious
  diseasesand to avoid them they had to be killed
  hence, pasteurization.

20
The Atom

• Atomic theory--is the idea that all matter is
  made up of tiny particles called atoms.
• The atomic theory was given evidence by the
  English chemist John Dalton, which then was
  further understood when Wilhelm Roentgen
  discovered X-rays (electrons).

21
Atomic Energy

• Marie Curie and Pierre Curie both collaborated to
  discover that radium emitted energy.
• This influenced Albert Einsteins work and the
  basis for the atomic bomb.
• Marie Curie died in 1934 from leukemia, almost
  certainly due to her massive exposure to
  radiation in her work. Pierre died in a a
  carriage accident.

22
Social Science

• Social Science and psychology were two new forms
  of academic study in the 1800s explain each and
  who believed in each one?
• Sociologythe study of human behavior.
• Psychologythe science of human behavior in
  individuals.

23
Darwinism

• The Genius of Darwin HQ Full Screen
• The Genius Of Charles Darwin (Start at 447)