Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution Life in the 1800s

• Mr. Regan
• AP European History

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Agricultural Revolution 1700s

• Increased Food Production
• Technology dikes to protect farmland from sea,,
  fertilizer to improve soil, seed drill (plants
  seeds deep in rows).
• Enclosure Movement (taking over land that had
  once been shared by peasant farmers) creates
  large fields and made farming more efficient

Modern Seed Drill
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Population Explosion

• Better diet stronger, healthier babies
• Improved medical care sanitation.
• 1700s Europe--
• 120 million to 190 million people

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Industrial Revolution

• Definition a period, beginning around 1750, in
  which the means of production of goods shifted
  from hand tools to complex machines and from
  human and animal power to steam power.
• Results from the introduction of steam-driven
  machinery, large factories, and a new working
  class.
• Technology developed rapidly and production
  increased.
• Great changes brought to peoples lives.

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Guild System

• Craft guilds had emerged during the late Middle
  Ages
• The dominated the production quality of
  finished products.
• They controlled the prices of their finished
  products, so they were generally higher.
• They controlled / restricted membership into
  their organizations

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The Domestic, or Putting-out system

• Used to bypass the strict regulations of the
  guilds in the cities
• Urban cloth manufacturers gave piecemeal work to
  rural families to complete in their homes.
• When the work was complete, the finished pieces
  were sold back to the cloth manufacturer.

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Farm the Domestic System
Factory System
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Industrial Revolution

• Began in Great Britain.
• By the end of the 1800s, Belgium, France,
  Germany, the USA, and Japan would all be
  industrialized
• In time, it spreads throughout the world

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British Beginning

• Natural Resources (coal iron, good harbors,
  Technology, Positive Economic, Political,
  Social Conditions
• Good harbors
• Rivers transport gods to markets supply power
  for factories.

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British Beginning

• Fewer farm workers needed
• People move to cities, seeking
• work in factories
• British had the capital to invest in new
  ventures, and the overseas markets (colonies) to
  sell the products to

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Capital for Investment

• British Empire had made economy strong.
• Middle Class has money to invest in mines,
  railroads, and factories

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Population Growth Change

• Growth in population, resulting from the
  Agricultural Revolution, led to more available
  workers
• Enclosure movement -- fewer farm workers needed.
• People move to cities, where the new factories
  were located.

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Factories Mass Production

• 1700s, new machines were too large expensive
  to be operated at home.
• Spinners weavers begin to work in in large
  sheds owned by manufacturers.
• These sheds became the first factories.
• When machines became powered by steam fueled by
  coal, factories could be located anywhere.
• Mass production -- goods produced in large
  quantities at a lower cost

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New Technology

• Water wheels power machines in factories
• Coal used to power steam engines
• Windmills

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Effects of Industrial Rev.

• Rise of laissez-faire economics
• New Class structure
• Upper Class (very rich industrial business
• families)
• -- Middle Class (business people
• professionals with a high standard of
  living)
• -- Lower Class (factory workers peasants.
• Benefit least from the Industrial
  Revolution.
• Face harsh living working conditions in
• overcrowded cities

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Hardships of Life

• Distinct upper, middle, and lower classes. Class
  based on .
• Less variety, more monotony. Unskilled labor
• Women children work for lower wages
• Upper class help poor, middle class tend to
  ignore the poor.

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Other Effects of Industrial Rev.

• Working Condition (long hours, 12-16 hrs. per
  day, boring work, dangerous machines
• Changing Social Roles -- For Middle Class, men
  work, women stay at home (cult of domesticity).
  For poor, all members of the family, children
  included,, were expected to work

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Rising Standards of Living

• Rich live in pleasant neighborhoods on the edge
  of cities
• Poor crowded into slums in city centers, near
  factories

By 1900, the ordinary Briton was better paid,
fed, clothed, housed, educated, perhaps amused,
and certainly much better represented in politics
than his forefathers could have dreamed of.
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Other Effects of Industrial Rev.

• Improved transportation
• Roads canals built improved
• Steam locomotive makes RRs grow
• Steam engines power ships at sea

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Thomas Malthus

• 1798 -- On the Principle of Population.
• Advocate for birth control
• Population is outpacing the food supply
• Run out of food.
• Poor will continue to suffer as long as the
  population kept increasing

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David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages
• Cyclical
• Wages high, families have more children
• More children increase labor supply, leading to
  lower wages higher unemployment.

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Social Darwinism

• Members of each species had to compete to survive
• Natural forces select the most able members
• Successful business people were successful
  because they were naturally more fit to
  succeed than others.
• War -- stronger nations take over weaker ones.
  Contributes to the rise of imperialism

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Reformers

• Jeremy Bentham -- Utilitarianism -- goal of
  society should be the greatest happiness for the
  most people.

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Reformers

• John Stuart Mill believed that government should
  improve the lives of the poor.

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Reform Movements

• Correct abuses of child labor
• Formation of trade unions to work for changes in
  factory system reform

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Socialism

• Concentrated less on the interests rights of
  individuals and more on the interests of society
• Industrial capitalism had created a large gap
  between the rich the poor.
• Under socialism, farms businesses would belong
  to all the people

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Utopian Socialism

• Create self-sufficient communities, where all
  property work are shared.
• Equal wealth, end of fighting
• Robert Owen set up one of these communities in
  Scotland and one in Indiana

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Marxist Socialism

• Karl Marx, 1848, The Communist Manifesto.
• History is a struggle between the wealthy
  capitalists the PROLETARIAT (working class).
• Capitalists have taken advantage of the
  proletariat in order to increase profits.

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Marx

• Capitalist system must exist for a revolution to
  take place.
• Proletariat would eventually rise up overthrow
  the capitalist system, creating their own
  society.
• Proletariat society would establish a classless,
  communist society, in which wealth power are
  equally shared.
• Soviet Union in 1900s, Marxs ideas would lead
  to a communist dictatorship and a command economy.

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