Organizational Behaviour The Individual

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Organizational BehaviourThe Individual

• Motivation II
• Need and Process Theories

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Motivation II

• Need Theories
• Use the concepts of individual needs to explain
  why people have different needs at different
  times.
• What motivates people

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
The need to develop ones true potential and
skills (creative, autonomous tasks)
Growth Needs
Self-Esteem
The need for feelings of adequacy, competence,
and confidence (awards, prestigious titles,
promotions)
Belongingness
The need for social interaction, affection,
friendship (opportunities to interact,
supportive supervision)
Safety
Deficiency Needs
The need for security, freedom from anxiety,
order (job security, comfortable work
environment, adequate pay)
Physiological
The needs for survival, such as, food, water,
shelter (minimum pay and existence level
support)
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Aldefers ERG Theory

• Existence Needs needs satisfied by material
  substances
• Relatedness Needs the need for meaningful
  social relationships
• Growth Needs need for developing ones
  potential

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Relationship between Maslow and Alderfer Need
Theories
Higher order needs
Intrinsic motivation
Self-Actualization
Growth
Self-Esteem
Relatedness
Belongingness
Safety
Existence
Physiological
Basic needs
Extrinsic motivation
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McClellands Need Theories

• Need for Achievement (N Ach)
• Desire to perform challenging tasks

• Need for Affiliation (N Aff) desire to
  establish and maintain friendly interpersonal
  relationships

• Need for Power (N Pow) desire to have
  significant impact over others

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Hierarchy of Needs for China
Self-Actualization
in the service to society
Safety
Physiological
Belongingness
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• Process Theories
• Describes how need deficiencies are translated
  into behaviours

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Equity Theory

• Comparison of inputs and outcomes

My Outcomes My Inputs
Comparison Outcomes
Comparison Inputs

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Responses to Inequity

• Distort ones own inputs/outcomes
• Distort the comparison persons inputs/outcomes
• Choose another comparison person
• Alter inputs or outcomes
• Leave the exchange relationship

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Issues of Equity Theory

• The comparison other???
• Over-reward versus under-reward
• It is all perception

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Expectancy Theory
Valence (value) of Outcome 2 (V2)
Valence (value) of Outcome 1 (V1)
(E gt P)
(P gt O)
Effort
Reward Outcome
Performance
Expectancy (E)
Instrumentality (I)
(probability of Performance leading to Reward
Outcome)
(probability of Effort leading to
Performance)
Force E x S(I x V2) expectancy x
S instrumentalities x 2nd-level valences
expectancy x valence of 1st-level outcome