Foundations of Individual Behavior

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Foundations of Individual Behavior
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Learning Objectives

• Define key biographical characteristics
• Identify two types of ability
• Shape the behavior of others
• Examine four schedules of reinforcement
• Clarify the role of punishment in learning

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BiographicalCharacteristics
Age
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BiographicalCharacteristics
Gender
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BiographicalCharacteristics
Marital Status
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BiographicalCharacteristics
Tenure
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Intellectual Abilities

• Number aptitude
• Verbal comprehension
• Perceptual speed
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Spatial visualization
• Memory ability

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Basic Physical Abilities
Strength Factors
Other Factors
Flexibility Factors
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The Ability-Job Fit

• Abilities of the employee
• Requirements of the job

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Classical Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning
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Social Learning Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct
experiences
Models have influence when the following
processes occur
Attentional
Reconize
Retention
Remember
Motor Reproduction
Do
Reinforcement
Get rewarded
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Methods of Shaping Behavior
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Types of Reinforcement

• Continuous

• Intermittent

Reinforces desired behavior often enough to
make behavior worth repeating
Reinforces desired behavior every time
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval
Ratio
Fixed- Interval
Fixed- Ratio
Fixed
Variable- Ratio
Variable- Interval
Variable
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Behavior Modification Emery Air Freight
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Behavior Modification

• Critical behaviors
• Baseline data
• Behavioral consequences
• Intervention strategy
• Performance improvement

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Organizational Applications

• Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
• Well pay versus sick pay
• Training programs
• Mentoring programs