Industrial Revolution

1
Industrial Revolution

• Dawn of the Industrial Age
• Chapter 5, Section 1

2
Life Before the Industrial Revolution

• People worked the land to earn their living
• They lived in cottages illuminated by candlelight
  no electricity!!
• Made their own clothing (No malls)
• Grew their own food
• Did not travel beyond their village until
  Industrial Revolution (few roads)
• Transportation, inventions, and growth of cities
  changed peoples lives

3
Video

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vh235t89WpYU
• Life Before the Industrial Revolution

4
New inventions of the 19th century
Telegraph
Anesthesia
Sewing machine
These inventions revolutionized 1) communication,
2) medicine/dentistry, and 3) clothing
manufacturing.
5
New inventions of the 19th century
Speed of light (physics)
Introduction of antiseptic methods to reduce the
risk of women dying in childbirth.
6
Skyscrapers and Suburbs
Skyscrapers and suburbs all trace their origins
to technological innovations of the Industrial
Revolution.
7
Changes in Agriculture Led to the Industrial
Revolution
8
Agriculture

• New farming techniques led to industrial
  revolution
• British farmers began experiments to improve soil
  quality because some crops depleted the nutrients
  in the soil
• Improved soil led to abundant crops
• Farmers experimented with crop rotation
• Charles Townshend created a four-year crop
  rotation with rotations of wheat, barley,
  turnips, and clover

9
Charles Townshend
Developer of the crop rotation technique.
10
Seed Drill

• Prior to the Seed Drill, seeds were dropped on
  the ground by hand. This resulted in uneven
  crops that looked like clumps on the ground.
• Jethro Tull invented the Seed Drill a device
  that evenly spread the seed on the ground.
• This improved the quality of the rows of crops
  (e.g., corn)

Before
After Seed Drill
11
Jethro Tulls Seed Drill
12
Crop Rotation

• Farmers had poor crop harvests because they
  planted the same crop year after year
• Planting the same crop annually depleted the soil
  of essential nutrients
• The system of crop rotation improved the soil
  quality
• Farmers divided their fields into quadrants and
  planted a different crop in each quadrant
• The farmer then rotated the crops, e.g,
  clockwise/counter-clockwise
• Soil that was depleted by a crop in season 1 was
  replaced by a different crop in season 2, then
  season 3, and so on

The strategy behind crop rotation was that some
crops depleted the soil and other crops replaced
the soil in an alternating fashion.
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Crop Rotation
Wheat Barley
Turnips Clover
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Enclosure

• Enclosure was the process of combining smaller
  farms (formerly shared by peasant farmers) into
  one LARGE farming operation
• Farmland was enclosed together
• This was more efficient and caused agricultural
  output to increase
• Profits rose because fewer workers needed it led
  to lower labor costs

15
Employment Effects of Enclosure

• Fewer workers needed
• Some farm workers lost their jobs
• Small farmers cannot compete with large farms
• Small farmers sell their land to large farmers
• Unemployed farmworkers migrate to cities in
  search of work
• Former farmworkers become the new factory workers

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Why did population increase in Europe?

• Changes in agricultural techniques led to more
  food production
• Abundant food supplies reduced the risk of
  disease and death
• More food healthier people
• Better hygiene and sanitation
• Improved medical care slowed death from disease

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New Technology Emerges

• New sources of energy were used coal, water,
  steam, iron
• Coal was important power source
• Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen

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New Technology

• James Watt made Newcomen steam engine more
  efficient
• Watt partnered with Matthew Boulton to market the
  Watt Steam Engine (Watt a great invention!!)
• Steam engine contributed to development of
  machinery, locomotives, and steamships

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Iron

• Coal was fuel source to produce iron
• Quality iron was needed to produce industrial
  machinery
• Abraham Darby used coal, not charcoal, to smelt
  (separate) iron from the ore
• Better, less expensive, and stronger iron was
  produced leading to improved machinery
• Darby built the worlds first iron bridge
• Iron was used to construct railroads

Uh, not this iron.
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Powerpoint Questions (21 points)

• 1. How did people illuminate their homes before
  electricity?
• 2. Name the agricultural technique that improved
  farming production.
• 3. Who invented the seed drill?
• 4. What was the process of combining smaller
  farms into large farming operations?
• 5. Where did farmworkers migrate after losing
  their agricultural jobs? Why?
• 6. What sources of energy were used at the dawn
  of the industrial age? (4 points)

21
Powerpoint Questions

• 7. Who invented the steam engine?
• 8. Who improved upon and helped market the steam
  engine?
• 9. What did steam engines help to build? (3
  points)
• 10. What was coal used to produce?
• 11. Who developed a technique to smelt iron from
  the ore?

22
Powerpoint Questions

• 12. What was the stronger iron used to construct?
  (2 points)
• 13. What invention revolutionized communication
  in the 19th century?
• 14. What discovery made surgical/dental
  procedures less painful
• 15. What tall buildings changed the landscape of
  urban areas?