Ancient Greece

1
Ancient Greece Sparta and Athens

• Sparta
• The Five Ephors
• Code of Lykurgos
• Phalanx
• Helots
• Athens
• Draco
• Solon

• Cliesthenes
• Tragedies
• Pythagoras
• Hippocrates
• Socrates
• Logic
• Plato
• Aristotle

2
Sparta

• Sparta ? city-state located on the southern
  portion of Peloponnesus.
• Was considered a military state considering its
  lack of focus on trade and wealth.
• Were more concerned with building strong soldiers
  than making scholars.

3
Spartan Government

• Spartan government was considered an oligarchy.
• It was composed of three different bodies
• Two kings, elected every nine years
• Council of elders, 28 men over the age of 60.
• Five Ephors, elected yearly by the assembly, held
  the most power in Sparta.

4
Spartan Lifestyle

• Lycurgus, a Spartan ruler, constructs a new legal
  code that the Spartans were to live by.
• Code of Lycurgus ? legal code that brought about
  the practice of removing unfit newborns,
  establishing the Spartan government structure,
  and strict control of helots.

5
Helots and the Need for Control

• As the Spartans conquered territories, they took
  in slaves.
• These slaves were to be known as helots.
• The helots were state owned and eventually would
  almost outnumber the Spartans themselves leading
  to the need for strict control.
• It is cause of this it is believed that Lycurgus
  sought to reform Spartan society.

6
Spartan Military

• Spartan boys, if they managed to survive birth,
  lived with their parents until the age of 7.
• At the age of 7, they were moved into a military
  barracks and lived with other children.
• Their military training began at age 12 and they
  would serve until they were 60.
• They were trained in the art of the phalanx
  formation ? box-like formation of heavily armed
  soldiers

7
Athens

• Athens ? city-state located in the region of
  Attica in southern Greece.
• Athens was considered a progressive city-state
  since it focused greatly on education and wealth.
• The Athenians would make many contributions to
  world history compared to Sparta

8
Government Progression

• Athens would start as a monarchy and would remain
  as such until 682 B.C..
• An aristocracy would grow which established nine
  wealthy landowners would be elected to one year
  terms to rule Athens.
• This aristocracy would fall apart with a massive
  drought which would lead to a power struggle to
  decide who should rule next.
• This time period was so tumultuous, it became
  apparent that there was a need to reform the laws
  of the city-state.

9
Draco

• Draco ? famous Athenian judge who reformed the
  Greek laws revolving around murder and revenge.
• These laws were so harsh that his name would
  become an adjective for harsh punishments
  (Draconian).
• Death was a consequence for violation of many of
  his laws.

10
Solon

• Solon ? aristocrat who was elected in 594 B.C.
  who sought to improve the inequalities between
  the classes in Athens.
• Would be known for his major reforms
• Ended debt slavery
• Division of society
• Opened high offices to lower class citizens

11
Cliesthenes

• Cliesthenes ? aristocrat who lead Athens in 508
  B.C.
• Would introduce democracy to Athens which gave
  every citizen a voice.
• Empowered the assembly ? could pass laws

12
Greek Drama

• Greeks were known for their dramatic plays known
  as tragedies.
• Tragedies ? dramatic play that focuses on a hero
  or strong individual who has a fall from grace.
• Some examples are Medea, Antigone, and Oedipus Rex

13
Pythagoras

• The Greeks were known for making many advances in
  math and science.
• Pythagoras ? mathematician who derived a formula
  used to derive values for the different parts of
  a triangle
• A2 B2 C2

14
Hippocrates

• Hippocrates ? known as the father of modern
  medicine.
• Was responsible for figuring out that diseases
  had natural causes rather than magical or
  mythical ones.
• Hippocratic oath is named after him.

15
Socrates

• - Socrates ? philosopher who believed that all
  aspects of nature should be questioned.
• - Encouraged the use of logic ? rational
  thinking.
• - Would help people arrive at answers to
  questions by using the Socratic Method

16
Plato

• - Plato ? believed that philosophers were the
  only people that should rule.
• - Believed that certain citizens lacked the
  intellect to be able to make competent decisions
  about government.
• - Wrote the Republic which emphasized his beliefs
  about government.

17
Aristotle

• - Aristotle ? philosopher who encouraged the use
  of logic in all areas of life.
• - Denounced religion as the source of all
  knowledge.
• - would open one of the first schools in Europe
  and would tutor Alexander the Great.