ANCIENT GREECE

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ANCIENT GREECE
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Ancient Greece

• 2000 B.C. 300 B.C.
• Chapter 5
• Section 1
• Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas

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Geography Shapes Greek Life

• Three geographic features that shaped Greek life
• 1. The Sea
• 2. The Land
• 3. The Climate

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The Sea

• Three seas surround Greece
• 1. Ionian
• 2. Aegean
• 3. Mediterranean

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How did living close to the sea impact Greek life?

• A lot of people were fishermen.
• A lot of people traveled by Sea.
• Sea Travel
• - Linked parts of Greece together.
• - Connected Greece to other
• societies.
• - made trade easier.

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The Land

• Mountains covered ¾ of Greece.
• Only ¼ of Greece was arable or suitable for
  agriculture.

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Land of Rugged Mountains

• Mountainous Terrain has an effect on politics and
  population
• - Small independent communities
• develop within each valley and its
• surrounding mountains.
• - uneven terrain made land travel
• difficult.
• - land was stony, so only small parts were
• suitable for farming

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The Climate

• Greeces climate is mild, with moderate
  temperatures.
• Men spent time outdoors, where they met to
  discuss politics.
• -this shaped Greek political life.

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Minoan Civilization

• Remember the island in the Mediterranean Sea
  Crete. King Minos and The Minotaur.
• Came in contact with the Mycenaeans after 1500 BC.

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Minoan Civilization

• Achievements

• Palace at Knossos

• They had highly developed art. Beautiful
  frescos.
• Written language
• Craftsmen and traders.

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Mycenaeans

• Indo Europeans settled in Southern Mountains of
  the Peninsula.
• Dominated by strong warrior kings from 1600 BC to
  1100 BC.
• Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan language into
  Greek, and Minoan culture influenced art,
  religion, politics, and literature.

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Homer wrote the legend of the Trojan War

• Homer a legendary Greek poet lived around 750 to
  700 BC.
• Legendary Greek poet
• credited for writing the Iliad ( the story of
  The Trojan War) and the Odyssey. These stories
  represent much of Greek mythology.
• The Trojan War was one of the last Mycenaean
  battles.
• The Trojan war took place around 1200 BC, it
  lasted 10 yrs.

Mysteries_Surrounding_the_Trojan_War.wmv
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Troy Real or Fiction?

• For thousands of years Troy was a legend.
  However, using clues from the Iliad, an amateur
  archaeologist named Heinrich Schliemann
  discovered the location of Troy at Hisarlik,
  Turkey in 1871.

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The Nine Cities of Troy

• In total, there were nine cities built at the
  location of Troy, each on top of the other.
• The sixth city is the most grand and resembles
  the Troy in Homers Iliad, but it was destroyed
  by an earthquake, not by war, in 1250 BCE.
• The seventh layer of the city appears to be the
  legendary Troy and has been dated to 1180 BCE.
• Its towers and walls can still be seen in the
  ruins and there are arrowheads lying in the
  streets.

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The Dorians -1150 BC to 750 BC

• The Mycenaean city-states became weak from
  constant warfare. In 1150 BC, the Dorians from
  southwestern Macedonia, invaded the Mycenaean
  city-states. Around 1100 BC Mycenaean
  civilization collapsed.

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The Greek Dark Ages

• The Dorian period represented a decline in Greek
  culture.
• Population declines.
• Great civilizations lose contact with each other.
• Economy and Trade disappeared.
• Lack of History indicated no form of writing.

• Stories told through the spoken word.
• Homer creates the Iliad and the Odyssey around
  750 to 700 BC.
• Greeks create Myths which are traditional stories
  about gods and goddesses used to explain nature
  natural events.

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The Greek Pantheon of Gods
Mt. Olympus
The summit of Mt. Olympus
There are many gods in Greek mythology. The
Greeks believed that the gods lived on Mount
Olympus.
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The Greek Gods of Olympus

• Zeus king of the gods, god of sky and thunder.
• Hera wife and sister of Zeus and goddess of
  marriage.
• Poseidon god of the sea.
• Ares god of war.
• Hermes, the messenger of the gods, was also the
  god of orators, literature and poets.
• Hephaestus god of blacksmiths, craftsmen and
  artisans.
• Aphrodite goddess of love.
• Athena goddess of wisdom, strategy, and war.
• Apollo god of the sun.
• Artemis goddess of the moon and hunting.
• Hestia goddess of the hearth and the family.
• Demeter goddess of agriculture.
• Dionysus god of wine, civilization and peace.
• Hades god of the underworld.
• Persephone goddess of the underworld.

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Lets Review

• 1. Why did the population in most city-states
  stay relatively small?
• The lack of arable (farmable) land.
• 2. Why did Greece not unite under one
  government? Why were there many small local
  governments?
• Because the mountains divided Greece into
  different regions and the terrain made land
  transportation difficult. The people identified
  more with the people in their local region.
• What 3 geographic factors help shape Greek life?
• 1. The Sea
• 2. The Land
• 3. The Climate

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Warm up

• Greek communities thought of themselves as
  individual countries even though they all had the
  same language and heritage. How do you think the
  geography of Greece contributed to this idea?
  Answer on your own paper.

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Section 5.2Warring City-States

• The period generally known as Ancient Greece
  began around the first Olympic games in 776 BCE.
• It marks the end of the Greek Dark Ages.
• This is the time of the great Greek city-states
  of Athens and Sparta.
• It is also known as the Archaic Period.

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Rule and Order in the City-States

• Remember, a city-state is a city and its
  surrounding lands controlled by a strong
  government---- the Greeks did not unite into an
  empire- but a league of loosely united
  city-states
• Greek city-states, called polis, developed
  self-rule.
• The English word "politics" comes from the Greek
  polis.
• Most city-states, or polis, controlled between
• -50 to 500 miles
• -less than 10,000 residents
• -Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace)
  or the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss
  city government.

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The Acropolis in Athens
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The Acropolis in Athens Today
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Each city state was unique

• All of the city-states spoke Greek.
• Each city-state developed a unique culture and
  system of government.
• The city-states were also made up of different
  groups of people, such as the Dorian, Ionian,
  Mycenaean, and Achaean people.

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City-state government

• Greek city-states had many forms of governments
• Monarchy or government ruled by a king.
• Aristocracy or a government ruled by a small
  group of noble, landowning families.
• Oligarchy or a government ruled by a few powerful
  people. They were usually wealthy merchants and
  artisans who were dissatisfied with aristocratic
  rule.

Sometimes the citizens revolted. They would be
led by a "tyrant." In ancient Greece, the word
had a different meaning than today. A tyrant was
anyone who overturned the established government
of a city-state.
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Question

• What is the difference between a tyrant today and
  the tyrants of ancient Greece?
• Today tyrants are considered harsh and cruel.
  Tyrants of ancient Greece gained the support of
  the common people by setting up building programs
  and agreeing to provide jobs to their supporters.

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Athenian Democracy

• Democracy means "rule by the demos (people).
• In some city states of Ancient Greece every
  citizen could participate directly in every
  decision.
• Only free men who had never committed a murder
  were citizens.
• Slaves, foreigners, and women were not allowed to
  participate in the democratic government.

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1st step toward democracy
Draconian Law 621 BC

• The ancient Athenian court system had two legal
  codes, the Draconian and the Solonian Codes of
  Law.
• Draconian law was named after Dracon, a lawgiver.
  
• Under law code all citizens were equal, rich and
  poor.
• The punishment for all offenses was death.
• No matter how small the crime, Dracon believed a
  person who broke the law should die.
• Today we call cruel and harsh laws Draconian.

DRACON
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2nd step toward DemocracySolon reforms the
government of Athens

• 594 BC
• Outlawed debt slavery.
• Organized 4 social classes.
• Only top 3 classes could hold political office,
  but all could participate in Athenian assembly.
• Abolished Draconian laws except when dealing with
  murder.
• Any citizen could bring charges against a
  wrongdoer.

Solon on the Nebraska State Capital
Building
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3rd step toward DemocracyCleisthenes 500 BC

• Broke the power of nobility by dividing citizens
  into 10 groups based on where they lived not
  wealth.
• Increased power of assembly by allowing all
  citizens to submit laws.
• Created the Council of Five Hundred (this body
  proposed laws and counseled the Assembly
  members were chosen at random.)

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Review Forms of Government

• Monarchy a single person, KING, ruled the
  government.
• Aristocracy ruled by a small group of noble,
  land-owning families.
• Oligarchy ruled by a few powerful people (a new
  class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied with
  nobles took over power)
• Democracy rule by the people, directly or
  through representatives.
• Direct Democracy a government ruled by the
  people directly rather than through
  representatives.
• Tyrants powerful leaders who gained support of
  common people after agreeing to set up building
  programs and provide jobs for their supporters.

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Question

• In Athens what was citizenship based on?
• Only free adult male property owners born in
  Athens were considered citizens.
• Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded
  from citizenship and had few rights.

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Sparta Builds a Military State

• In 725 BC Sparta conquers Messenia.
• Turns Messenians into helots peasants forced to
  stay on land give the Spartans half their crop.
• The Messenians revolt.
• Spartans just barely put down revolt.
• Shocked they dedicate Sparta to becoming a
  strong military state.

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Spartas Military Operations

• All men served in the army until age 60.
• Boys took from home at 7 and lived until the age
  of 30 in military barracks where they trained
  daily.
• Girls received some military training so they
  could have healthy male babies.
• All put Service to Sparta above everything else.
• -Iron weapons affordable to all
• -New army of foot soldiers hoplites.
• -Formation called phalanx the most
• feared force in the ancient world
• -assisted Greeks in the Persian Wars.

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Persian Wars 490 to 479 BC

• In the 5th century BCE, the Persian Empire, the
  largest known at the time, attempted to conquer
  Greece.
• The battles, called the Persian War.
• The invasion by Persia united Spartans,
  Athenians, and all Greeks to fight against Persia.

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Plan of Thermopylae, 480 BCE

• Persia forms a force of 100,000 to crush Athens.
• 7,000 Greeks 300 Spartans block the Persians
  way at a mountain Pass at Thermopylae.
• The Greeks stop the Persians for 3 days.
• A traitor ended their brave stand
• The Spartans held the Persians back while other
  Greek forces retreated.
• All 300 Spartans were killed.

The Phalanx
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Peloponnesian WarSparta vs. Athens 431 BC

• Athens grew wealthy powerful, this angered
  Sparta.
• Sparta had stronger army. Athens stronger navy.
• Athens weakened (during 2nd year because of
  plague)
• 421 BC signed truce.
• 415 BC Athens attacks Sicily (an ally of Sparta)
  In 413 BC Athens experiences a crushing defeat.
• 404 BC Athens and their allies surrender to
  Sparta.

• Video Athens vs. Sparta

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• As a group you must decide a dispute, basing your
  decision
• on what form of government you receive , either
  a monarchy,
• aristocracy, oligarchy, or direct democracy.
• DISPUTE
• The dispute is between a wealthy landowner named,
  Philipus, and
• one of his poorer neighbors Emaeus. Emaeus
  claims the landowner
• wants to take part of his land to increase the
  noblemans own
• estate. Philipus says his expenses have
  increased and he needs
• the additional land.
• QUESTIONS EACH GROUP MUST CONSIDER
• Who in each group has the power to make a
  decision and what
• is the basis of that power?
• Which side in the dispute is their form of
  government likely to
• favor and why?
• What is their judgment likely to be?
• Each group will explain their decision basing
  that decision on facts about

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Warm up

• The word democracy comes from the Greek word
  demos, which means people, and kratein, which
  means to rule. Why do you think the term
  democracy is an appropriate name for our system
  of government?
• Write your answer on your own paper.

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Democracy and Greeces Golden Age 477 to 431 BC

• Chapter 5 Section 3

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The Age of Pericles, 461-429BC

• Pericles was born in Athens in 495 BCE to a noble
  family.

• Pericles had 3 goals
• To strengthen Athenian Democracy
• To hold and strengthen the empire
• To glorify Athens.

video
Pericles built the Acropolis, including the
Parthenon during his time.
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Pericles Plan

• To strengthen democracy Pericles increased the
  number of paid public officials so all citizens
  even poor could afford to serve if elected.
• Direct Democracy where citizens rule directly not
  by elected officials was an important legacy of
  Periclean Athens.

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Question

• Is the US a Direct Democracy?
• No, we are a representative democracy.

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Art and Architecture

• Parthenon temple built to honor Athena (goddess
  of wisdom and protector of Athens)

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Greek Sculpture Classical Art (harmony, order,
balance proportion)

• Sculptors aim to create figures that were
  graceful, strong, and perfectly formed.
• Faces show only serenity.
• Tried to capture human body in motion.
• Portray ideal beauty, not realism.

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Drama

• Two kinds of drama
• 1. Tragedy serious drama about love, hate,
  war, or betrayal.
• 2. Comedy filled with slapstick situations and
  crude humor usually made fun of politics and
  respected people.

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Greek Philosophy 3 major Greek philosophers was
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

• Socrates 470-399BC
• Encouraged students to examine beliefs.
• Absolute truth and justice do not exist.
• Question answer approach to teaching called
  Socratic Method.
• At 70, he is brought to trial for corrupting the
  youth of Athens neglecting the Gods.
• Condemned to death. He dies by drinking Hemlock,
  a poison.

Socrates video
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Plato 427 to 347 BC

• Student of Socrates
• Wrote down the conversations of Socrates.
• Most famous work The Republic his vision of a
  perfectly formed society.
• Perfect society was not a democracy.
• Believed in 3 groups of people farmers
  artisans, warriors, and the ruling class.
• Person with greatest insight intellect from the
  ruling class would be crowned philosopher-king.
• Founded a school called The Academy, lasted for
  900 years.

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Aristotle-384 to 322 BC

• Student of Plato.
• Questioned the nature of the world of human
  belief, thought, knowledge.
• Invented rules of arguing that form the basis of
  the Scientific Method.
• His most famous pupil was Alexander the Great.

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Review

• What were Pericles goals for Athens?
• 1. strengthen Athenian democracy
• 2. hold strengthen the empire
• 3. glorify Athens.
• What is a direct democracy?
• Where citizens rule directly, not by elected
• officials.
• What is Socrates question and answer method
  called?
• The Socratic Method
• Did Plato believe that a democratic society was
  ideal?
• No, he thought the ruler should be a
  philosopher- king.
• What method of arguing did Aristotle invent?
• Scientific Method.

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Warm up

• Socrates taught his followers by asking them
  questions rather than lecturing to them. Do you
  think asking questions might be a better way to
  teach than lecturing? Why or why not?
• Answer on your own paper.

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Alexanders Empire

• Chapter 5
• Section 4 Alexanders Empire
• Section 5 Spread of Hellenistic Culture

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• KINGDOM OF MACEDONIA
• Reminder The Greek city-states were weakened by
  the
• Peloponnesian War.
• Macedonia located just north of Greece rough
  terrain cold
• Macedonians were hardy people they lived in
  villages, not
• city-states.
• Macedonians thought of themselves as Greek.
• Greeks thought of them as uncivilized b/c they
  had no
• philosophers, sculptors, or writers.
• What they did have was shrewd fearless kings.

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Phillip II

• King at 23 years old
• Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
• Turned the peasants into a strong professional
  army
• - Phalanxes to break through enemy lines.
• - Fast moving calvary to crush opponents.

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The sarissa and the Macedonian Phalanx

• The Phalanx was the primary fighting unit of all
  large armies. Philip designed and trained his
  troops with the sarissa, a six meter (18 foot)
  spear with a double pointed pike. The length of
  the sarissa kept away hoplites who used shorter
  weapons. This allowed the Macedonian army to
  dominate Greece under Philip.

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Phillips Plans

• Attacked easily defeated the Greeks
• - City-states could not agree on anything
• -Athens and Thebes united, but it was too late
• - Began centuries of foreign control of Greece.
• Philips plan was first to defeat Greece.
• Persia would be next.
• Philip was never able to complete his plans b/c
  he was assassinated at his daughters wedding (
  he was literally stabbed in the back)
• Phillips son Alexander proclaims himself King.
• Alexander crushes an early rebellion by Thebes
• - 6,000 killed survivors sold into slavery and
  the city of Thebes destroyed.

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Who was Alexander?
video

• Phillips 20 year old son.
• Educated by Aristotle in science, geography, and
  literature.
• Military training throughout his childhood by his
  father.

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Alexander marched on Persia and conquered Egypt

• Alexander marched on Persia, crossing the
  Hellespont with about 35,000 soldiers. He
  conquered the Persian capital at Sardis.
• Alexander crushed Darius' army at Issus in 333
  BCE. Darius himself fled the battle.
• He conquered Egypt and was made Pharaoh.
• Alexander founded his Egyptian capital at
  Alexandria in 331 BCE.

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Alexanders Conquests

• Anatolia Darius had run away
• Darius wants to negotiate with Alexander.
• Darius offers to give Alexander all land west of
  the Euphrates River, Alexander declined and vowed
  to conquer Persia.
• Mesopotamia Again, Darius had 250,000 men,
  again they fled. This ended the empire.

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Was Persia Enough?

• NO WAY!!! He wanted to control All of Asia.
• India mounted a huge offensive the two
  militaries meet in the Indus Valley.
• Alexander wins the battle.
• The army was tired
• - 11 Years
• - 11,000 miles
• -climate changes-deserts, monsoons, etc.

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Alexander in India

• Alexanders army finally neared the Ganges river
  in India. His army, exhausted from years of
  fighting, mutinied and refused to march farther
  into India. Alexander agreed to return back to
  Babylon. Alexander the Great had conquered an
  empire larger than anything the world had seen
  before or since

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Problems with Alexanders Empire

• Politics were neglected
• After agreeing to turn back he planned to
  strengthen and unify his lands.
• - Roads, cities, harbors
• - Conquer Arabia.
• Alexander never got to carry out this plan.

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Alexander the Great died at Babylon, 323 BCE

• Alexander the Great died of a mysterious illness
  in Babylon, June 10 - 11 , 323 BCE. He was 32
  years old.

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The Empire After Alexander

• Divided among three generals
• They ignored the traditions of the Greek polis
  and ruled as dictators.
• Cultural impact
• Alexander adopted many Persian customs.
• Included Persians in his army.
• Marries a Persian woman.
• A new culture emerges the blending of Greek and
  eastern emerged.

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The Empire of Alexander the Great

• After his in 323 BCE, the empire was divided
  among his most powerful generals.

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• Hellenism, the culture of Classical Greece,
  spread from the year 333 BCE throughout the
  Empire of Alexander the Great until circa 63 BCE
  when Rome conquered the territory. Greek culture
  strongly influenced Rome in the areas of
  politics, science, philosophy, religion, and
  architecture

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Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria

• As a result of Alexanders policies, a new culture
  emerges.
• The blending became known as Hellenistic.
• Hellenistic culture blends Greek, Egyptian,
  Persian, and Indian influences.
• Why was this blending of cultures important to
  Alexander? He desired to preserve culture. He
  wanted to unify his empire.

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Hellenistic Culture

• Koine popular language used in Hellenistic
  cities, was a result of blending.
• Koine came from Greek word common.
• Dialect of Greek.
• This language enabled educated people and traders
  from diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities
  throughout the Hellenistic world.

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What were some of the reasons Alexandria may
have been a popular tourist destination during
the Hellenistic period?

• It was a beautiful city with wide streets lined
  with marble statues of Greek gods. Royal palaces,
  Alexanders tomb, lighthouse, library, and museum
  (zoo), and botanical gardens.

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Why might Alexander have founded a library in
Alexandria?

• He was educated by the Greek philosopher and
  teacher Aristotle, who taught him to love
  learning.

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Achievements in Hellenistic Society

• Astronomy Astronomers came up with two new
  theories The sun was 300 times larger than the
  earth and the earth and other planets revolved
  around the sun.
• Geometry Euclid wrote book called Elements,
  proposed 465 geometry propositions and proofs
  still the basis for courses in geometry today.
• -Archimedes value of pi, ratio of the
  circumference of a
  circle to its
• diameter.
• Philosophy Two major philosophies developed
• 1. Stoicism stoics proposed people should
  live perfect lives in harmony with the
  will of god or
• the natural laws that God
  established.
• 2. Epicureanism Only real objects were what
  the five
• senses perceived. Greatest
  Good and
• highest pleasure came from virtuous condut
• and the absence of pain.
• Art Sculpture flourished. The Colossus of
  Rhodes bronze statue more than a 100 ft. high.
  One of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
  Hellenistic sculptors moved away from harmonized
  and idealized forms of the classical age. Instead
  of a perfect body, Hellenistic sculptors created
  a more natural work. The sculptors carved
  ordinary people.