Nationalism in the 20th Century

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Nationalism in the 20th Century
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Southeast Asia
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The Philippines

• U.S. grants the Philippines independence in after
  WWII
• U.S. tried to keep military bases in the
  Philippines
• Ferdinand Marcos leads an authoritarian nations
  from 1966 to 1986
• Stole millions of dollars
• Eventually forced into exile
• Corazon Aquino creates a more democratic nation
• Today the Philippines struggles with fighting
  from the Muslims (Moros)
• With help from the U.S.

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Mr. Mrs. Marcos
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British Colonies Gain Independence

• Burma
• Struggle between Communist and democratic
  influences
• Today Myanmar
• Malaysia and Singapore become independent from
  British control
• Singapore one of the richest countries in the
  world (very important port)
• Indonesia frees themselves from the Dutch

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Africa
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Struggles for Independence

• 1900 2 independent nations in Africa (Liberia
  and Ethiopia)
• Negritude Movement
• 1975 Africa primarily independent nations
• Many nations struggle with ethnic violence and
  poverty
• Rwandan Genocide
• Sudanese Civil War (North vs. South)

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Breaking the Colonial Bonds

• Ghana Kwame Nkruma
• Formerly British Gold Coast
• Gained self rule (1957) and tried to modernize
• Today ruled by a military dictator
• Kenya Jomo Kenyatta and the Mau Mau
• Gained independence from Britain in 1963
• Has tried to unite the people
• Violence and a poor economy
• Algeria Ahmed Ben Bella
• Fought for independence from France from 1945
  1962
• Violence between government and Islamic militants
• Congo (a.k.a. Zaire) Mobutu Sese Seko
• Independent from Belgium in 1960
• Civil war and corrupt governments have plagued
  the Congo
• Very rich in resources, but a poor nation
• Angola
• Portuguese controlled, one of the last to gain
  independence (1970s)
• Long civil war over leadership ended in 1989

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Middle East
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Israel

• British gained control of Palestine after WWI
  wanted to create a Jewish homeland (Balfour
  Declaration)
• 1948 Israel created as a Jewish homeland with a
  separate section reserved for Palestinians
  (Muslims)

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Israel and Arab Conflicts

• May 1948 1st Arab-Israeli War
• Easily won by Israel
• Suez Crisis (1956)
• Egypt (Gamal Abdel Nasser) became independent of
  Great Britain and attacked the Suez Canal region
  (controlled by Great Britain and France)
• Israel helps Great Britain and France
• Egypt granted control of the canal
• Six-Day War (1967)
• Israel wins war against Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and
  Syria and gains new lands
• Arab-Israeli War (1973)
• Egypt leads surprise attack to gain back lands
  (Anwar Sadat)
• Israel fights back and reclaims territory (Golda
  Meir)

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Camp David Accords

• 1977 U.S. President Jimmy Carter calls for a
  peace agreement between Egypt and Israel
• Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Israel)
  meet in Maryland
• Israel gives Egypt the Sinai Peninsula
• Egypt recognizes Israel as a nation (1st Arab
  nation to do so)

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Palestinians

• Palestinians in Israel still fight for an
  independent nation of their own
• Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) formed
  (Yasir Arafat)
• Led attacks against Israel in the 1970s, 80s
  90s (intifada)
• Oslo Peace Accords
• Israel gave Palestinians control of the Gaza
  Strip and Jericho

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Central Asia
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Former Soviet Republics

• Transcaucasian Republics
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
• Central Asian Republics
• Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan,
  Kyrgzstan
• Economic struggles nations did not have
  balanced economies and are some of the poorest in
  the world
• Ethnic violence intensified since the end of the
  Soviet Union (Soviets kept the fighting at bay)

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Afghanistan

• 1919 Afghanistan became an independent nation
  led by a king
• 1964 became a democracy
• 1973 military leaders ended the democracy and
  slowly Soviet influence over the government grew
• Many reject the Soviets (mujahideen or holy
  warriors)
• Soviet Union invades in 1979 and fights for 10
  years before withdrawing

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Afghanistan

• After Soviets left, different Afghan groups
  fought for control
• 1998 The Islamic Taliban takes control of most
  of Afghanistan
• Incredibly strict view of Islam, no freedoms for
  most people (especially women)
• Taliban allowed Islamic extremist terrorist
  groups to train in Afghanistan (Al-Qaeda)
• After September 11, 2001 U.S. leads forces to
  overthrow the Taliban and look for terrorists in
  Afghanistan
• Today Afghanistan ruled by Hamid Karzai, but
  struggles with insurgents and the remaining
  Taliban groups