Foreign Policy in the Early 20th Century

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Foreign Policy in the Early 20th Century
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Once upon a time, in the early 19th Century

• Monroe Doctrine
• 1832 James Monroe addresses Congress.
• No more European colonies in the Western
  Hemisphere!
• Get out Europe (especially Spain!)
• Defines American foreign policy were a police
  force to protect emerging nations in the Western
  Hemisphere.
• 1852 Polk implements the policy.

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Whats Polk got to do with it?

• 1845 Declares no European colony could occupy
  the North American continent.
• 1845 Annex Texas break relations with Mexico.
  Why?
• 1845 Polk negotiates to buy Mexico for 15
  million.

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Policing the Hemisphere

• Civil War a distraction, to say the least.
• 1861 Spain reclaims the Dominican Republic,
  despite warnings by Seward.
• 1864 France installs Archduke Ferdidnan
  Maximillian on the Mexican throne.
• Complies with Monroe Doctrine in 1867.

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William Seward

• Secretary of State during Lincoln.
• Dreamed of an America that included
• Canada, the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central
  America as well as Hawaii and the Pacific
  Islands.
• Why? Manifest Destiny, of course!
• Stymied by Congress in 1876 when trying to buy
  Danish islands in the Caribbean.
• 1876 Sewards Ice Box.
• 1878 Samoa
• 1893 American planters usurp Hawaii.

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What about Spain?

• 1898 The Spanish American War
• Okay, what does Cuba have to do with Spain?
• Cubans struggle for independence from Spain since
  1868.
• Okay, why does America want Cuba?
• Cuba is a natural part of America?
• Sugar, yummmmm!!!!

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Cuba Revolts!

• 1895 Cuban rebels led by Jose Marti renews fight
  for independence, launching attack from American
  soil.
• Spanish troops force 300,000 Cubans into
  concentration camps.
• 1896 McKinley elected wont fight with Spain
  but makes Spain promise reform.

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Remember the Maine!

• 1898 Explosion blows up the Maine.
• Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!
• April 11, 1898 McKinley calls for Congress to
  use troops to bring about compromise between
  the two nations.
• Why? Because only Congress can declare war!
• Congress
• Gives president authority to use troops to end
  Spanish control.
• Declares the island independent.
• Spain declares war on April 24, 1898.

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The Spanish-American War

• Cuba vs. the Philippines?
• 1.6 million vs. 8 million.
• May 1, 1898 George Dewey sails into Manila Bay
  and defeats Spanish.
• June 22, 1898 U.S. attacks Cuba.
• July 1, 1898 The charge up San Juan Hill.
• July 3, 1898 U.S. navy defeats Spanish in
  Santiago harbor.
• July 17, 1898 U.S. secures Cuba.
• August 12, 1898 Armistice.

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Results of the Spanish-American War

• Armistice
• Meet in Paris.
• Spain grants independence to Cuba.
• Cedes Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines to U.S.
• U.S. pays 20 million dollars.
• Aguinaldo and revolt.
• National glory and war heroes.
• Great Power?
• Interventionist!