The Early Cold War

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Part IReconstruction Confrontation
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The Ideological Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.George Kennan

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
4
Truman Doctrine 1947

1. Civil War in Greece.
2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for
   concessions in the Dardanelles.
3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout
   the world who were resisting takeovers by armed
   minorities or outside pressuresWe must assist
   free peoples to work out their own destinies in
   their own way.
4. The U.S. gave Greece Turkey 400 million in aid.

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Marshall Plan 1948

1. European Recovery Program.
2. Secretary of State, George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European
   nations that need it. This move is not against
   any country or doctrine, but against hunger,
   poverty, desperation, and chaos.
4. 12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe
   extended to Eastern Europe USSR, but this was
   rejected.

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Post-War Germany
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Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)
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The Arms RaceA Missile Gap?

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

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Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend
on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you
don't like us, don't accept our invitations,
and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our side. We
will bury you. -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
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An Historic Irony Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
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Maos Revolution 1949
Who lost China? A 2nd Power!
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The Korean War A Police Action (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
Domino Theory
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The Suez Crisis 1956-1957
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
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The Hungarian Uprising 1956
Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister

• Promised free elections.
• This could lead to the end of communist rule in
  Hungary.

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Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
have the technological edge!
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Nixon-KhrushchevKitchen Debate(1959)
Cold War ---gt Tensions
lt--- Technology Affluence
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
21
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
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The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCharlie
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Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
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Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
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Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
the other man blinked!
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis

• After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union
  installed nuclear missiles in Cuba.
• After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval
  blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet
  Union removed its missiles.
• On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the
  missiles, defusing one of the most dangerous
  confrontations of the Cold War.

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Vietnam War 1965-1973
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Prague Spring (1968)
Former Czech President, Alexander
Dubcek Communism with a human face!
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Prague Spring Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested like Vaclav
Havelfuture president of a free Czech Republic.
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1969 -- SALT

• On November 17, the 1st phase of Strategic Arms
  Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, Finland.
• The finished agreement, signed in Moscow on May
  26, 1972, placed limits on both
  submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear
  missiles.

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1972 Nixon visits China

• Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to visit
  China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on February 21.
• The two countries issue a communique recognizing
  their "essential differences" while making it
  clear that "normalization of relations" was in
  all nations' best interests.
• The rapprochement changes the balance of power
  with the Soviets.

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1973 - Vietnam War agreement (Paris Accords)

• January 27, 1973, the United States, South
  Vietnam, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong sign the
  Paris Peace Treaty, establishing a cease-fire.
• The United States is allowed to continue
  providing aid to South Vietnam.
• Saigon falls in April 1975.

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1979 - Afghanistan

• December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded
  Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized
  control of the government.
• U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a
  costly war against the Soviets for nearly a
  decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.
• Afghanistanthe Soviet Vietnam

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1980 - Solidarity

• On August 14, Lech Walesa led massive strikes at
  the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk, Poland.
• The strikes soon spread to other cities and
  formed the nucleus of the Solidarity movement.
• The communist government conceded to worker
  demands on August 31, and recognized their right
  to form unions and strike.

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1985 - Gorbachev comes to power

• On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in
  the Soviet Union.
• Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.
• perestroika
• Economic reform- restructuring
• glasnost
• means openness, allowed greater free expression
  and criticism of Soviet policies

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1989 - Berlin Wall falls

• Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which
  pledged to use Soviet force to protect its
  interests in Eastern Europe.
• On September 10, Hungary opened its border with
  Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the
  West.
• After massive public demonstrations in East
  Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell
  on November 9.