Age of Exploration

1

• Age of Exploration
• Commercial Revolution
• New Monarchies

2
True of False?

• 50 of foods we eat today were of American
  origin.
• FALSE. Its actually closer to 30.
• Name two important food items from the Americas.
• Corn and Potato

3
Why were Europeans resistant to eating American
foods?

• There were rumors that these foods might cause
  the Plague.
• The Plague make recurring visits every couple of
  decades after the 1300s.

4
Before the Age of Exploration, what luxury goods
were upper class Europeans accustomed to?

• Spices
• And Silk
• These came to Europe via the Silk Road

5
According to your book, what inventions were the
Key to Power?

• Better ships, capable of carrying defensive
  weapons
• Better navigational tools
• Better maps
• Gunpowder and metalwork made much better weapons
• This all created a powerful military advantage
  over other civilizations
• Unprecedented ability to kill and intimidate
  from a distance.

6
What year was Columbus discovery of the
Americas?

• 1492
• What did Vasco da Gama explore?
• India (1498)
• What did Magellan do?
• Sailed around the world, discovering Indonesia
  and the Phillipines in 1521.
• Who are the Philippines named after?
• Phillip II of Spain (named in 1543)

7
Why did the British, Dutch, and French aim
North?

• Spain and Portugal already had claimed large
  parts of the south

8
What is the Columbian Exchange?

• Disease
• Millions killed from smallpox and measels
• 50-80 of native population
• For Europeans, benefit is more land and
  resources, little resistance from natives
• Where else did this happen?
• Polynesia and the Pacific Coast
• Exchange of Goods
• Corn, potatoes to Old World
• Horses and Cows to New World

9
What is Mercantilism?

• Dont import goods EXPORT
• Take resources from colonial areas
• Produce finished goods at home

10
What is a dependent economy?

• Produces low-cost goods
• Precious metals
• Cash crops sugar, spice, tobacco, cotton
• Uses slave labor
• Receives finished/manufactured goods from Europe

11
Which countries specifically chose to be out of
the World Economy?

• Japan
• Forbidden to travel abroad or trade
• Korea
• China
• Trade and contact with the West through Macao only

12
Who else were minor players in world trade?

• India
• Ottoman Empire
• Russia
• Africa

13
What was the impact of Colonialism on Western
Europe?

• Colonial rivalries add to existing hostilities
• More wealth more capital
• Increasing emphasis on manufacturing, reduced
  dependency on agriculture
• Items produced in colonies become widely
  available to more social classes
• Sugar

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15
New Monarchs and Exploration
16
Taking Notes

• Keep in mind the following causes while taking
  notes
• Great Man theory
• Who were the exceptional individuals?
• Cultural Determinants
• Role of the Church
• Role of the Middle Class
• Political Determinants
• How does rivalry lead to expansion?
• Technological Advances
• How did Europe use new technology to benefit from
  exploration/settlement of the New World?

17
Characteristics of the New Monarchies

• Hereditary Most legitimate form of power.
• Support of the urban middle class
• Final decline of feudal nobles
• Centralized government
• Laws guarantee life and property
• Taxes
• Church

18
More Characteristics

• Reduced power of clergy
• Dissolved hereditary rights of nobles
• Reduced emphasis on common law
• Uniform application of laws
• law from statutes and constitutions instead of
  courts
• What pleases the prince has the force of law
• Middle classes more powerful
• Their wealth helps stabilize the economy

19
Examples of New Monarchies
England France Spain
20
The Divine Right of Kings

• Rule by the will of God, not the will of the
  people, a parliament, or other nobility.
• Restricting powers of a monarch is contrary to
  the will of God
• No removal due to misrule
• St. Augustine a monarch is appointed by God to
  protect the City of Man
• Monarchs believed they were Gods
  representatives on earth.

21
England James I

• Ruled Great Britain 1603-1625
• The True Law of Free Monarchies
• Divine right of kings
• No sharing of power
• Dissolved parliament
• Debt. Sold titles to raise money.
• new nobility more loyal
• Denied privilege to old nobility tied to past
  and primarily Catholic
• Puritans want more reform
• Permitted Catholicism in England and Calvinism in
  Scotland

22
England Court of the Star Chamber

• TUDOR ERA law court beginnings as meetings of
  the kings royal council
• Appeal cases from lower courts
• Public disorder
• Property rights (land)
• Public corruption
• Trade and government
• Could order torture, prison and fines, but not
  the death sentence

23
Court of the Star Chamber

• STUART ERA power grew
• Tool of the king -- misuse and abuse
• James I, Charles I used the court to
• suppress opposition to royal policies
• try nobles too powerful to be brought to trial in
  the lower courts
• Secret sessions, no right of appeal, punishment
  was swift and severe to any enemy of the crown.
• Abolished in 1641

24
France in the 15th 16th centuries
25
France

• Becomes less feudal, more centralized
• Strong, absolute monarchy
• Divine Right of Kings
• Rise of the Valois monarchs
• Louis XI (Spider King)
• Ruled 1461-1483
• Francis I
• Ruled 1515-1547
• Henry IV
• Ruled 1553-1610

26
Louis XI the Spider King

• Born 1423- Died 1483
• Ruthless, especially with family
• Removed power from nobles, clergy to enhance his
  power
• Re-established power of King
• Foundation for strong French state
• Large army to secure borders
• Taxes
• Revenue purchased political support

27
Francis I

• 1494-1547 (Ruled 32 years)
• Taxes
• Taille direct tax on people and property.
  Doubled.
• Gabelle salt tax. Tripled.
• Why? Palaces and wars were expensive
• Raising revenue
• Sold royal jewels
• Sold royal land
• Sold political offices
• Sent explorers to Canada

28
Francis and Religion

• Early Reformation tolerant of Protestants
• Many German princes turned against his own enemy,
  Charles V
• Denouncement of Papal Mass -- 1534
• Notices appeared around Paris, even within the
  Kings bedroom
• Catholics blamed Protestants
• Francis saw it as a plot against him
• Began persecuting Protestants over 20,000
• Printing was censored
• Led to decades of religious civil war

29
French Wars of Religion

• Things do not improve after Francis
• 1562-1598
• Religious wars (Catholics vs. Huguenots)
• Dynastic Struggle (Bourbon vs. Guise)
• Phillip II of Spain supports Catholics
• Elizabeth I of England supports Huguenots

30
St. Barthomews Day Massacre

• 1570
• Led by Queen Catherine DMedici
• Catholics attacked Huguenots
• 5 days of anarchy, massacre of Huguenots
• 2,000 killed in the city
• 8,000 killed in the countryside

31
Consequences of the Massacre

• No remaining protest by Huguenots against the
  crown
• 1573 truce allowing tolerance for Huguenots
• Could celebrate marriage and baptism, but only
  for an audience of 10 people
• Eventually 20 years pass and the need for a
  French heir arises . . .

32
Henry IV ruled 1593-1610

• Huguenot Some denied his claim
• Catholic League Ultra Catholics, including the
  Pope and Phillip II of Spain
• Elizabeth I supported him
• Converted to Catholicism during Wars of Religion
  to ensure his claim
• Edict of Nantes offered religious toleration for
  French Protestants -- 1598

Paris is well worth a mass
33
France the Royal Council

• Appointed by the king from among the following
• Princes of the blood (the most senior nobles)
• Everyone descended directly from the line of
  kings (from 900 AD)
• Senior prelates
• prelate preferred member of the clergy

34
French Parlement

• Court of appeals ruled on kings laws on a
  local level.
• If they did not agree with it, they refused to
  acknowledge the law.
• Francis I sold right to be on a parlement.
• Became a hereditary position.

35
France Estates-General

• Estates-General was an assembly of the different
  classes of French society
• Only gathered when the king saw benefit

36
England and France -- Differences

• England stability
• France long-lasting effects from the 100 Years
  War and religious wars left a sense of
  instability
• Government
• No unity of purpose
• King used representatives in the provinces to
  govern for him (parlements)
• Local traditions, ancient privilege still
  important, even though kings reduced the roles of
  nobility and clergy

37
Charles V

• 1500-1558
• Ruled from 1519
• Most powerful man in Europe

38
Empire of Charles V
39
Structure of the Holy Roman Empire

• Voltaire Neither holy, nor Roman, nor an
  Empire
• Cross between a state and a religious
  confederation
• No unity after Reformation

40
Charles V Religious Problems

• The largest problem is rift in the Church
• Diet of Worms 1521
• Peasants War 1524-26
• Schmalkaldic League
• Council of Trent 1545
• Beginnings of the Counter-Reformation
• Peace of Augsburg 1555
• Each prince chooses his religion

41
Charles and Spain

• Domestic problems
• His Spanish subjects distrusted him
• Money does not go to infrastructure
• Absentee ruler
• nobles attempted to gain power
• Appointed friends and relatives to powerful
  positions in Spain
• Demands more money from Spain to finance war
  against France and Ottomans
• Revolt is inevitable

42
Charles V Other Problems

• War with France
• 1521 over land in Italy
• 1527 captures Rome
• 1535 1542 over control of Milan
• War with the Ottoman Empire
• Trade routes in the Mediterranean
• 1529 -- Vienna
• French ally with Ottomans
• German Protestants refused to fight Ottomans
• Alternative to Catholicism

43
Kingdoms of Spain 1492
44
Ferdinand Isabella of Spain

• Reconquista
• Two types of Conversos
• Moriscos New Christians of Moorish origin.
• Become Catholic or leave Spain for North Africa
  or Ottoman Empire
• 11 of modern pop.
• Marranos Spanish Jews
• Secretly maintained traditions
• Middle Class
• Many left Spain for Venice and Ottoman Empire
• Up to 20 of modern pop.

45
The Most Catholic Monarchs
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Inquisition

• Inquisition -- Keeps Spain Catholic, not
  Protestant
• Keeps out modern ideas, reform
• Targets conversos, especially Jews
• Begins anti-Semitism in Europe
• About 15,000 murdered in Spain
• 3000 Jews murdered in Portugal
• 3000-5000 murdered in Germany
• 1509 Germany begins persecuting Jews

48
Phillip II of Spain and Portugal

• 1526-1598 Son of Charles V
• International
• Netherlands Revolt
• France Joined the Pope in French Wars of
  Religion
• England (1588) Spanish Armada
• Ottoman Empire
• Control of the
  Mediterranean?
• Lepanto in 1571

49
Phillip II and Domestic Problems

• Spain not truly united
• Regional Cortes
• De-emphasized farming reliance on food imports
• Middle/Lower classes pay taxes, upper classes and
  clergy are exempt
• Industry suffers, due to high taxes
• Spain dependent on revenue from New World
• Economy falters
• By 1600, Spain as a nation begins to decline
• As wealth from New World increases, less
  attention is paid to nation-building.

50
El Escorial 1563-1584

• Baroque
• Monastery

• Art Museum
• Royal Apartments

51
The Growth of the Ottoman Empire
52
Ottoman Empire

• Peak of Power Invaded Constantinople in 1453
• Dominant naval force in the Mediterranean until
  1571
• Helped evacuate Muslims and Jews from Spain
• Various ethnic groups could exist side-by-side
• Economic alliance with France
• Common enemy Charles V
• France could trade within the Ottoman Empire
  without taxation

53
The Decline

• Decline Part 1
• Naval superiority challenged by Europeans with
  modern technology
• Lepanto 1571
• Two long wars Persia and Austria-Hungary (war on
  two fronts)
• Inflation leads to severe domestic problems
  especially rebellion
• Decline Part 2
• Long, slow decline

54
The Battle of Lepanto, 1571

• Ottomans vs. Holy League (Venice, Portugal, the
  Hapsburgs, Spain, Papal States)
• Significance end of Ottoman superiority in
  Mediterranean
• Ottoman Casualties
• 30,000 killed
• 137 ships captured
• 50 ships sunk

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Commercial Revolution1500-1700

• Roots in Middle Ages (Hanseatic League)
• Population of Europe increases 20 million between
  1500 and 1600. More consumers than ever.
• States wanted to increase their economic power
  trade flourishes
• The middle class encourages capitalism

57
Commercial Revolution

• Banking
• Germany, Antwerp, Amsterdam become centers for
  economic activity (Loans)
• Chartered Companies
• State-run monopolies in certain areas
• British and Dutch East India Companies
• Very powerful own navies, armies, soldiers
• Joint Stock Companies
• Investors pool resources for a common purpose

58
Commercial Revolution

• Enclosure Movement (England)
• Wealthy landowners enclose land
• No longer can any man graze his livestock just
  anywhere
• Forces poorer classes to seek jobs
• Cottage Industry
• Small-scale production of textiles at home
• Work with a middle-man
• New Industries
• Cloth, lace, mining, printing, ship building
• New consumer goods
• Sugar, rice, tea, tobacco

59
The Lacemaker, Jan Vermeer, 1669
60
The Fuggers

• Ambitious German banking family
• Jakob Fugger
• Loaned money to Charles V to purchase his
  election as Holy Roman Emperor over Francis I of
  France.

61
Capitalism

• Economic system
• Means of production are mostly privately owned
• Capital (money) is invested in the production,
  distribution, and trade of goods and services for
  profit.
• Developed in Europe between the 16th and 19th
  centuries
• The Western world's dominant economic system

62
Mercantilism

• Main Idea There is only a fixed amount of wealth
  in the world. All nations are in competition for
  a share of it.
• Goal nations want a self-sufficient economy
• Strategy create balance of trade that favors
  exports over imports
• Take resources from colonial areas
• Produce finished goods, export
• Bullionism acquire as much gold and silver as
  possible
• Nations did not want all their valuable gold
  flowing to another nation

63
Significance of the Commercial Revolution

• Gradual transition from rural to urban
• Peasants in western Europe can improve their
  economic and social condition by taking jobs
• Wealth can be taxed
• This funds public works
• Taxes also help fund exploration
• The Price Revolution causes even more to be
  produced

64
Price Revolution

• Increasing population gt increasing need for goods
  gt increasing prices
• Inflation stimulates production
• producers can get more for their money due to
  increased demand
• Increases wealth
• Consumers must pay higher cost if they want/need
  the product
• Middle class increases status with increase in
  wealth
• Farmers sell excess crops for a higher profit
• Nobility standard of living decreases (income
  from rent and taxes cannot change rapidly)

65
The Tulip a status symbol

• Dutch, 16th century (from Turkey)
• Wildly popular, very expensive status symbol
• 1623, a single bulb could 1,000 Dutch florins
• Avg. yearly income at the time was 150 florins.
• Tulips exchanged for land, livestock, and houses
• Tulip market crashed in 1637

66
Middle Classes the Bourgeoisie

• First in Italian city-states
• Netherlands Most powerful class (trade and
  banking)
• France power grows at expense of nobility
• England members of parliament, political power
  grows
• Richer standard of living
• More variety in food
• Better housing, clothing, education

67
Life in the 16th/17th Centuries

• Education or wealth moving up the social ladder
• Rapid urban population growth
• Food and Diet
• Poor rely on bread
• Upper classes have plenty of cheese, meat, sweets

Vermeer The Milkmaid -- 1660
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Life in the 16th/17th Centuries

• Family Structure
• Nuclear, patriarchal
• Lifespan among poor
• 27 for men, 25 for women
• Others 40-50s
• Economy dictates marriage delayed until twenties
  (late 20s for men)

69
The Working Poor

• Everywhere
• Unskilled laborers, unemployed, unemployable, and
  paupers
• Illiterate
• Unpleasant, physically demanding, or dangerous
  jobs
• English Poor Law of 1601
• Poor public nuisance

70
England Poor Law 1601

• Relief through taxes
• Families took in orphans or young children whose
  parents could not afford to keep them
• Food, clothing was provided to those unable to
  work (disabled, ill, old)
• Children gt apprentices
• Able-bodied beggars to jail
• Able-bodied poor to workhouse
• Housing, food in exchange for work

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The Beggars, Pieter Brueghel, 1568
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Peasant Wedding, Pieter Brueghel, 1568
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Entertainment

• Peasant Dance, 1568, Pieter Brueghel

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Education in the 16th/17th Centuries

• Elementary reading, Latin, writing, arithmetic,
  religion
• Universal elementary schooling is the ideal, but
  wars, insufficient resources, make this difficult
• Schools seen as instruments of social reform
• Secondary schooling emphasis on Christian works
• Schools mainly under church control
• Growth of Realism and Empiricism
• observation of natural world
• scientific method
• control over nature
• Francis Bacon, "Knowledge is power"

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Eastern Europe in 1550
76
Eastern Europe

• Limited success in commercialism
• Peasants gradually become serfs tied to the
  land and landowner
• No strong central government
• local lord is all the serfs ever know
• Cannot leave the manor, marry, or learn a trade
  without the lords permission
• Owe 3-4 days of labor for the lord

77
Age of Exploration
78
A Map of the Known World -- pre- 1492
79

• Just read . . . Dont write (yet)
• 1325 no regular sea traffic between northern
  and southern Europe by way of the Atlantic
• 1500 all this had changed
• 1350 same amount of time to sail from one end of
  the Mediterranean to the other as it had 1000
  years before
• 1400 Europeans knew little more of the world's
  surface than had the ancient Romans

80
Why did Europeans begin exploring at this time?
81
Population Issues?Economic Issues?

• Not Overcrowding
• Europeans not motivated to leave . . . Yet
• Later, emigration to
• Escape warfare
• Improve economically

82
Reason 1 Strong National Governments

• Explorations encouraged by strong monarchies
• Wealthy and organized to finance ventures
• Italy and Germany lacked centralized governments,
  No Exploration
• Centuries of being held back by lack of
  technology, political disunity, and poorly
  developed economic systems.
• For example, the Portuguese had found the Azores
  in 1350 and these islands were one-third of the
  way to the new world

83
Reason 2 Scarce Items

• Europeans were looking for the things they could
  not produce themselves
• Spices, silk, cotton cloth, and precious stones
• Venetian monopoly in spices set high prices
• Between 1495-99, the price of pepper doubled
• Pepper costing 80 ducats in Venice could be had
  for only 3 in India
• John Cabot of England was looking for cod
• Cod supplies were dwindling in the North Sea
• North Banks Cod off Newfoundland is bigger
• Oil is what makes the profit, not the meat

84
Reason 3 The Renaissance

• Middle Ages Europeans had no desire to look
  beyond the boundaries of Christendom
• Renaissance and Humanism curiosity as to what
  lay beyond their known world
• Rediscovery of Ptolomy's Geography in 1409
• Earth sphere
• Renewed interest in exploring the other side of
  the world

85
Reason 4 New Inventions

• Improved magnetic compass
• Astrolabe used to plot latitude
• Better maps
• Better weaponry (protect men and property)
• Printing press
• Early accounts
• Marco Polo, Cortez

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Reason 5 -- Commercial Revolution

• Investments in overseas exploration

Reason 6 - -Religious Reasons Convert savages
in the New World
Reason 7 A Population on the Move Reformation
displaced people
87
Other Reasons

• Reason 8 Christian Crusaders in 11th 14th
  centuries created European interest in Asia and
  Middle East
• Reason 9 Rivalry Portugal and Spain wanted to
  break the Italian monopoly on trade with Asia.
• Reason 10 Fame and Fortune Explorers had an
  innate desire to discover something only dreamed
  of. Its human nature.

88
Shipbuilding Technology

• Galleys Pre-Renaissance, narrow open boats
• Rowed
• one small mast
• Only good for Mediterranean Sea
• Portuguese caravel -- 15th century
• Three-masted ship better use of wind power
• Hold more cargo, sailed by as few as 12 men

89
Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419
• Financed voyages for Portugals glory and wealth,
  but also for God.
• Under his direction, the caravel, a better
  seafaring ship was developed

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Portugal

• Geography Isolated
• Moved south along the African coast, looking for
  route to India
• Discovered the West African gold and slave trade
• First slaves in Europe 1444
• 1488 Dias around the Cape of Good Hope
• 1490s da Gama to Indian Ocean, returns with
  spices
• Sea routes much safer
• Portuguese Empire dependent on sea power
• No attempt to create permanent settlements

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Portugals Colonial Empire
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Portugal and the New World

• Claimed Brazil in 1500
• First temporary trading posts
• Then, sugarcane
• Labor intensive

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Map of Brazil 1519
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Christopher Columbus, aka Cristofo Colon,
Cristofero Columbo

• Financed by the Catholic monarchs
• Ultimately located all the major islands in the
  Caribbean
• Results
• Converts
• Gold
• New Land to settle
  by hidalgos

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Spain Columbus Voyages
Traveled about 90-100 miles per day Voyage 1
33 days at sea, Hispaniola Voyage 2 21 days
(Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico) Voyage 3 Revolt,
Columbus sent back as a prisoner Voyage 4 South
to Panama
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Columbus Four Voyages 1492-1504
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Columbus and Gold

• Placer Mining
• Tedious
• Indian labor
• Disease and overwork
• population of Hispaniola fell from 1 million in
  1493 to 100,000 by 1510
• Next, black slaves from Guinea
• Mining results small. Voyages not financially
  profitable.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1493, 1494
• Divided the world outside of Europe
• East (Africa and India) to Portugal
• West to Spain

1529 Treaty of Zaragoza Line was extended
through both poles and encompassed the entire
world.
99
Other Spanish Explorers

• 1513, Balboa first to see a new ocean after
  crossing isthmus of Panama
• Magellan Seeking sea route to the new ocean
• 38 days to pass through the straights
• Calm waters Pacific
• Philippines about 1516/1517
• Killed
• Results
• Earth IS round
• Larger than thought
• No great wealth No El Dorado

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Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the World
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Spanish Maritime Empire

• Discovered all major people of the New World
  Mayas, Incas, Aztecs
• Great wealth
• Three Gs God, Glory, Gold
• Conquest and Colonization NOT trade
• Stronger than Portugal.
• Portugal annexed in 1580.

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Spanish Colonial Empire
103
Spanish possessions
Portuguese Possessions
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England and Exploration

• 1497 First English claim to New World
• 1577-1580 Sir Francis Drake. First English
  circum-navigation
• 3 years, 30,000 miles
• 1607 Jamestown
• 1609 Henry Hudson
• No Gold, but Furs, Fish, and Forest are also
  valuable

105
France and Exploration

• 1534-35 Jacques Cartier
• Northwest Passage direct trade route from
  Atlantic to China
• Montreal
• 1603 Samuel de Champlain
• Still looking for Northwest Passage
• Quebec

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Spain and theSearch for El Dorado
107
Rise of the Conquistadores

• Ambitious young men
• Poor economy
• No success in Spain
• Success in the New World
• Hidalgo honorary title from Spanish king
• Exempt from taxes
• But, no real purpose in life (Don Quixote was
  one)
• Spain No industry, no middle class
• Destroyed after 1492
• Spain must import too many goods
• Spanish monarchs encourage more exploration

108
Hidalgo

• Aristocrat during Reconquista
• Renaissance Man
• Impossible tasks, courage, tenacity
• Code of honor
• Respect win riches by force, manual labor
• Becomes ideal of masculinity
• Machismo
• Impact on conquest of the New World
• The Great Men

109
The Typical Conquistador

• Supplied own equipment in exchange for share in
  plunder.
• Few were members of army, unless they were the
  leader
• No professional training or experience
• All social classes Artisans, merchants, clergy,
  lesser nobility, urban and rural residents

110
Strategy of Conquistadores

• Military advantages
• Steel weaponry
• Horses
• Disease
• Divide-and-conquer strategy
• Exploited pre-existing rivalries
• Captured indigenous leaders, held him hostage
  until a ransom was paid.

111
Famous Conquistadores

• Cortes
• 1519, Aztec empire
• Pizarro
• Peru (Incas) between 1531-1536
• Richest silver mines in the new world

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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs 1519
vs.
Moctezuma II
Fernando Cortez
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortes
European technology easily defeats
Aztecs Results Cortes personally controlled
territory larger than Spain Native population
decreases from 25 million to 2 million
115
Spanish Conquests The
Incas, 1537
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
116
The Incas
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The Columbian ExchangeThe most significant
result of Spanish colonization
119

• Transfer (both intentional and unintentional) of
  biological materials between Europe and the
  Americas
• Wealth and food
• Disease
• Devastating and beneficial

120
The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
121
The Sugar Trade

• Sugar high profits
• Brazil, Cuba, Hispaniola
• Sugar available just as the supply of the
  traditional European sweetener, honey, dwindled
• Honey was cultivated by monks for Catholic
  services
• As monasteries closed, honey was replaced by
  sugar as sweetener
• Sugar was so important the Dutch gave up
  Manhattan in exchange for the sugar lands of
  Surinam

122
Chocolate, Tea, Coffee

• Non-alcoholic
• Approved drinks of Protestant middle class.
  Nobility drank alcohol
• Coffee is so popular, Germans need reminder Beer
  is national drink!

123
Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
EuropeanColony
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
124
Treasures from the Americas
125
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
126
The Slave Trade

• Portuguese first
• New World
• Sugar plantations
• First boatload brought by Spanish in 1518
• Between 16c and 19c, 10 million Africans shipped
  to the Americas
• Blacks outnumber natives 2 to 1

127
Middle Passage
128
Coffin Position Below Deck
129
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Spanish, born in Spain
Creoles
Creoles American-born Spaniards
Mestizos
Mulattos
Mestizos mixed white and Indian descent
Mixed African and European descent
Native Indians
Black Slaves
130
Audiencia

• In Spain, regional court
• Brought to Americas
• Rule for the King in the Americas
• Became too powerful

131
Paternalism

• Control over people in a nation, corporation,
  school, in a paternal manner
• Take care of needs
• Give no responsibility

132
Administration

• Encomienda Forced Labor on large land grants
  given by the King
• Spanish landowner must treat Natives fairly,
  instruct them in the Faith and Spanish language
• Council of the Indies
• Viceroy System
• New Spain and Peru

133
Influence of the Catholic Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
134
Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542
• Natives seen as inferior, childlike
• Required end of Encomienda
• Natives must be considered Free men and equal

135
Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations destroyed by disease
2. Gold and silver led to inflation in Europe
   (Price Revolution)
3. Columbian Exchange
4. New rivalries based on colonial possessions
5. France vs. England
6. Spain vs. Everyone
7. And then . . . There were the Dutch