Religious Wars

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EHAP REVIEWPT. 2

• Religious Wars

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Italian Wars

• Italian city-states attractive to invaders
• wealthy small
• French Invasions
• formed League of Cambray w/ Spain, Pope, HRE
• Pope protests HRE allows Sack of Rome
• 1530 Charles V (HRE) made peace w/ Pope named
  King of Italy

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Empire of Charles V (1519-1556)

• inherited huge Hapsburg empire HRE, Spain, Low
  Countries, Italian states
• Weaknesses
• too big, not continuous
• religious wars w/ N. German Prot. princes
• Breakup
• Ferdinand I (brother) gets HRE
• Philip II (son) Spain, Netherlands, Naples,
  Milan, New World colonies

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Hapsburg Empire at Greatest Extent
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Philip II (1556-1598)

• great wealth from New World gold silver
• excessive spending
• fighting religious wars
• luxury items for nobility
• The Dutch Revolt
• William of Orange united Dutch for independence
• Philip crushed revoltCouncil of Blood
• Cath. provinces became Belgium
• Calvinist became Netherlands

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Spanish Armada (1588)

• Phillip II invades England
• rivalry over seas new world
• English sea dogs attack Spanish galleons
• England sides w/ Dutch
• tried to restore Cath. in Eng.
• wanted to marry his dead wifes (Mary I) sister
  (Elizabeth I) she refused

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Defeat of Spain

• English defeat Spanish Armada
• forever weakened Spain!
• Dutch Republic
• 1648 official independence
• Golden Age of Dutch

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Hard questionslogic based eliminate answer
choices!
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30 Years War (1618-1648)

• Causes
• religious tensions
• also struggle b/n Bourbons (Fr.) Habsburgs
  (HRE)
• 1. Bohemian Phase I Defenestration of Prague
  (1618)
• - Prot. crushed
• 2. Danish Phase II Wallensteins forces helped
  HRE
• 3. Swedish Phase III King Gustavus Adolphus
  wanted to protect Prot. invades Ger.
• Cardinal Richelieu of Fr. supported Gustavus to
  control power of Hapsburgs

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• 4. Swedish-French Phase IV Denmark attacked
  Sweden
• Cath. France Prot. Sweden vs.
• Cath. HRE, Prot. Denmark, Cath. Spain
• 1648 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (ends 30 yr. War)
• Effects
• Forever weakened HRE
• began Fr. continental supremacy
• 1/3 of pop. died
• long-term fragmentation of central Eur.

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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

• EFFECTS
• Renewed Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius
  religio)
• Calvinism legalized
• independence of Switz. Neth.
• more sovereignty for Ger. princes but PERMANENTLY
  WEAKENED HRE

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FRENCH CIVIL WARS

• 90 of Fr. Cath.
• most French Huguenots (Calvinists) were wealthy
• against Valois monarchy
• Francis I Henry II
• persecuted Calvinists
• religious war in 1562
• St. Bartholomews Day massacre (1572) 1000s of
  Parisian Protestants killed
• led to War of the Three Henrys

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War of the 3 Henrys

• England helped Fr. Prot.
• King Henry III (Cath.) Henry of Navarre (Prot.)
  vs. Henry Guise (Cath.)
• Henry Navarre won became King Henry IV, starts
  Bourbon dynasty
• Henry IV
• rebuilt Fr. (w/ Duke of Sully) roads, bridges,
  agriculture
• strengthened monarchy
• converted to Cath. (Paris is worth a mass)
• Edict of Nantes religious freedom for Prot.

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TUDOR ENGLAND (1485-1603)

• Henry VII
• restored peace economy
• taxed nobility
• Court of the Star Chamber
• Henry VIII
• 6 wives
• Church of Eng.
• church lands to friends
• New World exploration

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Henry VIIIs kids

• Edward VI
• King at age 10died at 16
• Mary I
• oldest daughter Cath.
• married Philip II of Sp.
• tried to change England back to Cath.
• Bloody Marypersecuted Prot.

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• Elizabeth I
• raised Prot.
• a politique she compromised w/ Cath. Prot.
• defeated Spanish Armada (1588)
• balance of powers
• Eng. Ren.
• exploration colonialism
• Virgin Queen
• had Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) executed

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Spanish Exploration

• early on largest overseas empire
• Columbus 1492
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Spain all of New
  World (except Brazil)
• Columbus colonization to Caribbean
• Pizzaro Inca of Peru
• Magellan circumnavigates globe
• Bartholomew de Las Casas protested Indians
  abuses
• Cortes Aztecs

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English Exploration

• Cabot NW passage (Canada)
• Drake circumnavigated raided Sp. galleons
• Raleigh Virginia
• Cook Australia New Zealand

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French Exploration

• Verrazano claimed Canada for France
• Champlain St. Lawrence Valley
• LaSalle Mississippi Valley
• Marquette Joliet Great Lakes region
• France moved into Canada, W. Indies, Louisiana

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Dutch Swedish Exploration

• Dutch explored NY, Delaware, Hudson River
  Valley.
• Tasman discovered Australia New Zealand
  (worked for Dutch E. India Co.)
• 1600s Dutch took many Portuguese colonies in far
  East
• Sweden claimed Delaware Bay Region

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French Politics

• Louis XIII (1610-1643)
• advisor Cardinal Richelieu, effectively ruled
  France
• return power back to absolute king
• provinces ran by intendants
• destroyed noble castles armies
• royal spies
• mass executions
• crushed power of Huguenots

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Sun King

• Louis XIV (1643 - 1715)
• king at 5
• chief advisor, Cardinal Mazarin
• crushed Frondes revolts by nobility
• use of intendants
• Divine Right (Bishop Bosseut)
• Treaty of Pyrenees (1659) Fr. out of 30 Yrs.
  War Louis marries Maria Therese of Sp.
• built Versailles patron of arts (Golden Age of
  France)
• territorial expansion 4 costly wars
• Religious disputes ended Edict of Nantes
  (Huguenots fled) appointed Bishops

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The Sun King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)letat
cest moi
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Wars of Louis XIV

• France permanently weakened
• War of Devolution claimed Sp. Netherlands from
  wife
• Dutch War claimed Dutch commercial interests
• against Dutch, HRE, Sp., Prussia
• War of the League of Augsburg invaded Ger.
  border
• War of Spanish Succession Louis grandson Philip
  claims Sp. throneHapsburgs say no
• Sp. Fr. against Eng., HRE, Dutch
• Treaty of Utrecht Philip stays as King in Sp.
  Sp. loses land to HRE

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Fr. Mercantilism

• finance minister, Colbert architect of
  mercantilism
• encouraged trade commerce
• wealth of gold silver (bullion)
• favorable balance of trade
• 5 great farms
• industrial production

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Stuart England

• James I divine right rule
• repeatedly dismissed Parliament to raise taxes
• Puritan Cath. minorities upset
• Charles I
• forced to accept Petition of Right (1628)
• jury trial
• no quartering
• no taxes without parliament
• War w/ Scots
• forced to ask Parl. for moneysaid no (Short
  Parl.)
• Long Parl. gave moneysplit in Parl. led to
  civil war

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English Civil War (1649-1660)

• Cavaliers land-holding royalists
• Roundheads Puritans middle class against king
  New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)
• Phase 1 w/ aid of Scots, Cromwell Parl. Wins
• limited monarchy or Puritan theocracy???
• Phase 2 Cromwell controls Parliament
• Rump Parliament controlled by army

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Charles I
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Cromwells Rule

• names himself Lord Protector
• executed Charles I
• military dictatorship
• trade increased
• controlled Irish Scottish rebellions
• Parl. overthrew his son invited Charles II back
  as King (Merry Monarch)
• the Restoration
• limited kings power
• Parl. bans Catholics from public office
• brother James II takes overhis son baptized Cath.

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The Glorious Revolution

• Parl. invited James Protestant daughter Mary and
  husband William of Orange to rule England
• William Mary accepted Bill of Rights (1689)
  permanently limited power of monarchy
  (squirearchy)
• Bill of Rights
• no taxes w/out consent of Parl.
• regular sessions freedom of speech
• trial by jury
• Toleration Act freedom for all Prot. sects

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