The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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Great Britain

• Industrialization- Process of developing machine
  production of goods
• First country to be industrialized, then spread
  to Continental Europe and North America
• Transformed the way people worked
• Machines began to do jobs that people used to do
  by hand

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Agricultural Revolution

• Wealthy landowners bought up small farms and
  enclosed their land with fences or hedges-
  enclosures
• Enclosures led to two things
• 1) Landowners tried new agricultural methods
• 2) Large landowners forced small farmers to
  become tenant farmers or to give up farming and
  move to the cities

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New Methods for Farmers

• Seed Drill- Invented by Jethro Tull and allowed
  farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at
  specific depths
• Crop Rotation- Farmers would plant different
  crops each year
• Breeding- Farmers would only breed their best
  pigs, for example, so the food supply increased
  and people were healthier

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Why It Began in Britain...

• Extensive natural resources
• Expanding economy
• Banking system
• Growing overseas trade
• Political stability

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Natural Resources

• Water power and coal to fuel the new machines
• Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and
  buildings
• Rivers for inland transportation
• Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

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Expanding Economy

• Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new
  inventions

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Banking System

• People were encouraged by the availability of
  bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand
  their operations

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Trade

• Economic progress led to the increased demand for
  goods
• England is an island, so there are many routes to
  import and export

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Political Stability

• Gave them a huge advantage over their neighbors
• Although Britain took part in many wars in the
  1700s, none occurred on British soil
• Parliament passed laws to help encourage and
  protect business ventures

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Factors of Production

• Land, labor, and capital (wealth)
• Only Britain had all of these factors, which is
  why industrialization began in Britain

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Textile Industry

• First industry to be transformed by new
  inventions
• Flying Shuttle- invented by John Kay
• Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
• Spinning Jenny- invented by James Hargreaves
• Necessary invention for spinners because they
  could not keep up with weavers

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Textile Industry, cont.

• Water Frame- invented by Richard Arkwright
• Used waterpower from rapid streams to drive
  spinning wheels
• Spinning Mule
• Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more
  consistent than earlier spinning machines
• Water-Powered Loom- invented by Edmund Cartwright
• Sped up weaving, run by waterpower

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Factories

• Water frame, the spinning mule, and the power
  loom were bulky and expensive machines
• They took the work of spinning and weaving out of
  the house
• Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in
  large buildings called factories
• Needed waterpower, so the first ones were built
  by rivers and streams

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Cotton Gin

• Englands cotton came from the American South in
  the 1790s
• Cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney to speed up
  the chore of removing seeds from cotton (doing it
  by hand was hard work)
• American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5
  million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in
  1810

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Transportation
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Steam Engine

• Improved by James Watt in 1765
• Watt was paid by an entrepreneur to build a
  better machine

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Steamboat

• The Clermont was invented by Robert Fulton in 1807

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Canals

• Human-made waterways that provided inland
  transportation
• Slashed the cost of transporting both raw
  materials and finished goods

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Roads

• John McAdam improved roads by using large stones
  topped with a layer of crushed rock
• This prevented wagons from sinking in the mud
• Turnpikes- Travelers had to pay a toll before
  going farther

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Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

• The Rocket- hauled a 13-ton load at 24 mph--an
  unheard-of speed
• Railway officially opened in 1830 and was an
  immediate success

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Effects of the Railroad

• Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers
  a cheap way to transport materials and finished
  products
• Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs
• Boosted Englands agricultural and fishing
  industries
• Encouraged country people to take distant city
  jobs

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Cities
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Urbanization

• Mass movement of people to cities
• Between 1800-1850, most of Europes urban areas
  doubled or quadrupled
• London became the largest city in Europe
• Population
• Reached 1 million by 1800, and the numbers
  exploded after that

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Living Conditions

• Cities grew too rapidly
• No development plans, sanitary codes, or building
  codes
• Lacked adequate housing, education, and police
  protection
• Diseases spread
• Life span was only 17 years for working class
  people

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Working Conditions

• Average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6
  days a week
• Factories were dirty
• Machines injured workers
• Children joined the work force as young as 6
  years old
• They were often beaten by factory owners for
  falling asleep on the job

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The Middle Class

• Social class made up of skilled workers,
  professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy
  farmers
• Usually consisted of factory owners, shippers,
  and merchants
• Some became just as rich as the top class in
  society

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The Working Class

• Unlike the middle class, they saw little
  improvement in their living and working
  conditions
• These people were slowly being replaced by
  machines and were being put out of work
• To protest, many would destroy the machines that
  were replacing them

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Positive Effects of the IR

• Created jobs for workers
• Contributed to the wealth of the nation
• Fostered technological progress and invention
• Greatly increased the production of goods
• Raised the standard of living
• Provided the hope of improvement in peoples lives

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Positive Effects, cont.

• Healthier diets
• Better housing
• Cheaper, mass-produced clothing
• Expanded educational opportunities

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Factory Act of 1819

• Restricted working age and hours
• Many factories did not abide by this law

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Negative Effects

• Polluted the natural environment
• Coal blackened the air
• Textile dyes and other wastes poisoned the rivers

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Industrialization Spreads
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U.S.

• The blockade during the War of 1812 forced the
  U.S. to use its own resources to develop
  independent industries
• Began in the textile industry

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U.S., cont.

• Britain had forbidden engineers, mechanics, and
  toolmakers to leave the country
• Samuel Slater- British mill worker who emigrated
  to the U.S. and built a spinning machine from
  memory
• Moses Brown- Opened the first factory in
  Pawtucket, RI
• Francis Cabot Lowell- Mechanized every stage in
  the manufacture of cloth

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Mill Girls

• Young women flocked from rural towns to the
  cities
• Worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week
• Although they went to gain independence, they
  were watched very closely by their employers
  inside and outside the factories

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Rise of Corporations

• Corporation- Business owned by stockholders who
  share in its profits but are not personally
  responsible for its debts
• Stock- Certain rights of ownership

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Large Corporations in the U.S.

• Standard Oil
• Founded by John D. Rockefeller
• Carnegie Steel Company
• Founded by Andrew Carnegie
• Both of these businesses wanted to control all
  aspects of their own industries in order to make
  big profits

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Rise of Global Inequality

• Industrialization widened the wealth gap between
  industrialized countries and non-industrialized
  countries
• Some wealthier countries did use less-developed
  nations for raw materials
• Imperialism- Policy of extending one countrys
  rule over many other lands
• This gave industrialized nations even more power
  and wealth

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Transformation of Society

• Between 1700-1900, revolutions in agriculture,
  production, transportation, and communication
  changed the way people lived in Western Europe
  and the U.S.
• Affected everything from daily life to life
  expectancy
• Emergence of the middle class created great
  opportunities for education and democratic
  participation

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Philosophers of Industrialization
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Laissez Faire

• Economic policy of letting owners of industry and
  business set working conditions without
  interference
• Favors a free market unregulated by the
  government
• Stemmed from philosophers of the Enlightenment
  who believed that the economy would prosper from
  free trade

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Adam Smith

• The Wealth of Nations
• Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
• Three Natural Laws of Economics
• 1) self-interest- people work for their own good
• 2) competition- competition forces people to make
  a better product
• 3) supply and demand- enough goods would be
  produced at the lowest possible price to meet
  demand in a market economy

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Capitalism

• Economic system in which the factors of
  production are privately owned and money is
  invested in business ventures to make a profit

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Socialism

• The factors of production are owned by the public
  and operate for the welfare of all
• Socialist philosophers thought that governmental
  control of factories, mines, railroads, and other
  key industries would end poverty and promote
  equality
• Workers would no longer be at the mercy of their
  employers

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Karl Marx

• Radical type of socialism called Marxism
• The Communist Manifesto
• Human societies have always been divided into
  warring classes (haves v. have-nots,
  employers v. workers, bourgeoisie v. proletariat)
  
• Believed the Industrial Revolution just made the
  wealth gap worse
• Predicted that workers would overthrow their
  owners

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Communism

• All factors of production (land, mines,
  railroads, factories, and businesses) are owned
  by the people
• No private property
• All goods and services would be shared equally
• Marx defined this in The Communist Manifesto

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Effects of The Communist Manifesto

• Marxism inspired revolutionaries such as Russias
  Lenin, Chinas Mao Zedong, and Cubas Fidel
  Castro
• These leaders adapted Marxs beliefs to their own
  specific situations and needs

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Unions

• Voluntary labor associations that speak for all
  workers in a particular trade
• Collective bargaining- negotiations between
  workers and their employers
• Unions bargained for better working conditions
  and higher pay
• Strike- refusal to work if factory owners refused
  workers demands

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British Reform Laws

• Factory Act of 1833- made it illegal to hire
  children under 9 years old children ages 9-12
  could not work more than 8 hours a day young
  people ages 13-17 could not work more than 12
  hours
• Mines Act- prevented women and children from
  working underground
• Ten Hours Act of 1847- limited the workday to ten
  hours for women and children who worked in
  factories

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U.S. Reform Laws

• National Child Labor Committee- wanted to end
  child labor altogether
• Argued that child labor lowered wages for all
  workers
• Persuaded union members to join the reformers
• Pressured national and state politicians to ban
  child labor and set maximum working hours

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Reform Spreads

• Affected such areas as improving the workplace,
  extending the right to vote to working-class men,
  helping to end slavery, and promoting new rights
  for women and children
• Horace Mann- favored free public education to all
  children
• Alexis de Tocqueville- battled the brutal
  conditions under which prisoners lived