Aggressors on the March

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Aggressors on the March

• The Final Years before WWII

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• How do the totalitarian governments of Hitler,
  Stalin, and Mussolini lead to WWII?

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Add to your timeline

• Europe
• 1922 Mussolini March on Rome
• 1924 Nazi Party becomes an official German
  political party
• 1929 Stalin becomes dictator of USSR
• Great Depression hits

• Pacific
• 1922 Japan signs a treaty to respect Chinas
  borders
• 1928 Kellogg Briand Pact

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Japan

• Even though Japan was not considered a
  totalitarian country, they had some similarities
• They also were one of the key leaders in starting
  WWII

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Japans Democracy

• 1920s Japan signed agreements to not use war as
  a policy tool (Kellogg-Briand Pact)
• But Japans government had little control over
  the military
• When the Great Depression hit, the Government was
  blamed and military leaders took control of the
  nation

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How were they like other Totalitarian systems?

• Japan was
• Ultra-Nationalistic
• Militaristic
• Wanted to conquer neighbors (China) to end
  economic crisis
• Wanted room for the Japanese people at the
  expense of others

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Invasion of Manchuria (Chinas Northeastern
Province)

• Why??
• Manchuria wasRich in Coal and Iron
• 1931
• Japans Military occupied the province and set up
  a Puppet Government
• League of Nations protested this violation of
  international peace but did nothing to stop Japan
• Soin 1933 Japan withdrawals from the League of
  Nations

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Japan invades China

• On the border of Manchuria and China shots are
  fired between the Japanese Army and the Chinese
  Army (it was faked by the Japanese Army to start
  the war)
• Chinas large army was no match for the better
  trained and equipped Japanese forces

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• The Chinese civil war between the nationalist and
  the communists is put on hold as all of China
  unites to fight the Japanese.
• In less than 6 months Beijing and Nanking are
  captured by Japan
• The Rape of Nanking, where 300,000 to 600,000
  civilians were killed by the Japanese Army

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• Read Rape of Nanking

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1935 Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
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1935 Mussolini attacks Ethiopia

• Why? revenge for Italys loss in 1889 and to
  build an empire
• Ethiopian army is no match for Italian tanks,
  airplanes and poison gas
• Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (previous
  advisor to Menelik II), asks League of Nations
  for help
• League does nothing, Selassie warns It is us
  today. It will be you tomorrow.

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Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty
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Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty

• 1935 announces that Germany is rebuilding Armed
  Forces
• 1936 German Troops occupy the Rhineland
• part of Germany
• but demilitarized after WWI
• buffer zone between Germany/France
• Scared of starting a world war France does
  nothing!

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Alliances are formed

• 1936, Hitler, Mussolini and Japan form an
  alliance called the Axis Powers.

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1936 Civil War in Spain

• Nationalist (Fascists) under General Francisco
  Franco rebels against the Republicans (Liberals
  and Socialists)
• Germany and Italy send airplanes and soldiers to
  help Franco and test new weapons.
• France, the UK, and the US do nothing to support
  the Republicans.
• Only the Soviet Union sends equipment and
  advisors.

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GuernicaPablo Picasso, 1937

• Picasso was a famous Spanish painter, 1881-1973.
  
• The canvas is very large, 11x 25 feet

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• Depicts the bombing of Guernica, a historical
  Spanish Basque town, by the Nazis.
• Killed a thousand people, one out of eight
  people.

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What were the Causes of the Spanish Civil War?

• tensions between industrial democratic peoples
  and supporters of agrarian feudalism
• regional independence movements (especially in
  Catalonia and Basque territory) vs. nationalism
• dispute over the role of the Catholic Church

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Spanish Civil War1936-1939

• Until 1931 Spain was a monarchy
• In 1931 a republic was established, run by
  socialist and liberals (called Republicans).
• Spain was facing many problems, especially during
  the economic depression.
• 1936 a revolt began in favor of
• a fascist government, led by
• General Francisco Franco and
• supported by army leaders.

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Support from the outside

• Western democracies and the Allied Powers were
  reluctant to get involved in the civil war. Only
  the Soviet Union sent aid (to the Republicans).
• 2,000 Americans unofficially volunteered to help
  the Republican side (Lincoln Brigade)

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vURtWFEKHsvssafety_
modetruepersist_safety_mode1
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Support from the outside

• Hitler and Mussolini sent weapons, tanks, air
  planes and troops to aid the Nationalist. The
  Spanish Civil war became a weapons testing ground
  for the Axis Powers of WWII.

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Support from the outside

• Non-government groups sent aid
• Ford, Texaco, Firestone, and General Motors sent
  tires, trucks, etc.

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Hitler sent his famous Condor Legion. This was
a group of skilled pilots with new planes that
were skilled at dive bombing..
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They bombed the city of Guernica and slaughtered
the inhabitants. Women and children were killed.
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The Bull in the painting is a symbol of Spain.
The bull observes the destruction in front of
him.
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The fallen warrior is laid out in a crucifix
position
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There are terrible imagesa woman holding a dead
child.
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A person burning in a fire
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Some say that Picasso painting an open door so
that he could escape from the violence.
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Picasso

• Picasso was a supporter of the Republican Party
  and disliked Franco and his Fascist party, who
  was supported by the Nazis.
• Made a series of prints leading up to his
  masterpiece Guernica which expressed his dislike
  of Franco.
• Guernica was shown throughout the world to
  protest war
• Picasso said that it should not return to Spain
  until after Francos death

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Child refugees from Spain
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• The civil war lasted three years, the Republicans
  could not defeat the Nationalist Francos
  professional army.
• 500,000-600,000 people lost their lives
• Franco became Spains dictator.

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Lessons Learned (that lead to WWII)

• Hitler learns Britain and France were not
  prepared to oppose aggressive military action
• Stalin feels Britain and France may not honor the
  Locarno Pact and aid Soviet Union if Hitler
  attacks
• - helps push Stalin to sign Non-Aggression Pact
  with Hitler in mid-1939
• Italy and Germany closer together

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Franco remained neutral during WWII, so Spain did
not go through the devastation of World War
II.Franco died in 1975.
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Credits

• This Spanish Civil War PowerPoint was adapted
  from one created by Mrs. Sigrid Olsen at Sprague
  High School in Salem,
• OR
• http//sprague2.net/staff/olsen_sigrid/pp_links.ph
  p

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Read article (eye-witness account)

• The Tragedy of Guernica
• Town Destroyed In Air Attack
• http//www.spanish-fiestas.com/art/Picasso-guernic
  a.htm

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United States Isolates itself from the World

• Many in the US argued that it was a mistake to
  enter WWI
• Want to avoid future wars
• Passed 3 Neutrality Acts that banned loaning or
  selling weapons to nations at war

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Hitler creates a Greater Germany (the Third Reich)

• What is the Third Reich?
• 1st ReichHoly Roman Empire
• Brought to an end by Napoleon
• 2nd Reich German Empire brought to power by
  Prussia
• Brought to an end after WWI
• 3rd ReichHitlers Empire

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Hitler creates a Greater Germany (the Third Reich)

• Hitler starts invading countries
• Openly breaking the Versailles Treaty
• Hitler orders German troops into Austria
• absorbs the nation into Germany

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Appeasement and the Munich Conference

• Britain and France were preparing for war when
  Mussolini called for a meeting to settle the issue

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• Britain, France, Italy and Germany met in Munich
  to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia (who was
  threatened by Germany)
• the Czechs were not invited
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
• believed that by giving in to Hitler world war
  would be avoided
• this policy is called appeasement
• Hitler promises to be satisfied with the
  Sudetenland
• In less than six months Hitler occupies the rest
  of Czechoslovakia

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Mussolini takes Albania

• Jealous that Hitler has gained so much without
  firing a shot
• Mussolini kicks out King Zog of Albania (one of
  the poorest nations in Europe)
• Makes it part of Italy

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• Hitler continues his push for a greater Germany
  and claims the port city of Memel from Lithuania
• Cancels nonaggression pact he had with Poland

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Poland

• Hitler, encouraged by all his success without war
  eyes Poland as his next conquest.
• ButInvading Poland would anger the Soviet Union
  and might even risk war.
• Hitler is confident that France and Britain would
  do nothing like before

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Nazis and Soviets at Peace????

• In August of 1939, Hitler and Stalin sign a
  public nonaggression pact promising not to attack
  one another.

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• Secretly
• Poland is divided between the two.
• Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland are given
  to the Soviet Union for future conquest
• Germany gives USSR plans for naval vessels, subs,
  airplane engines
• USSR will supply Germany with many raw goods

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Hitler ignores the pact!

• Hitler betrays Stalin
• Ignores the Pact
• Invades Poland
• WWII begins!