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Cardiovascular System

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Heart Chambers and Valves The heart consists of ... of the 4 major valves Mitral and tricuspid Control blood flow from atria to ventricle Aortic and pulmonary ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cardiovascular System


1
Cardiovascular System
  • By Kayla Sood Cynthia Amador P.4

2
What is the Cardiovascular System?
3
Why is the cardiovascular system important to us?
  • Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, proteins,
    electrolytes, gases to cells.
  • Transports toxins and carbon dioxide away from
    cells.
  • Necessary to stay alive, duhhh!

4
Heart Chambers and Valves
The heart consists of 4 hallow chambers and 4
valves, that make the process of blood
circulation throughout the body possible.
5
Heart chambers and valves(continued)
  • Atria- upper chambers
  • thin walls
  • Receives blood returning to heart
  • Ventricle- lower chambers
  • Forces blood out heart, into arteries
  • Aorta- carries blood from heart to rest of body
    except lungs
  • Interatrial Septum
  • Separates right and left atrium
  • Interventricular Septum
  • Separates right and left ventricles

6
4 Chambers
  • Right atrium
  • Receives oxygen
  • Pumps to right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Receives oxygen rich-blood from lungs
  • Pumps to left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
  • Pumps oxygen poor-blood to lungs
  • Left ventricle
  • Pumps oxygen rich-blood to aorta then out to the
    body

7
4 Valves
  • 2 Semilunar
  • Mitral Valve (bicuspid valve)
  • Located on left side
  • Tricuspid Valve
  • Located between upper atria and lower ventricles
    on right side
  • 2 Atrioventricular
  • Aortic Valve
  • Located on the left side
  • Pulmonary Valve
  • Located in arteries leaving the heart on right
    side

8
Purposes of the 4 major valves
  • Mitral and tricuspid
  • Control blood flow from atria to ventricle
  • Aortic and pulmonary
  • Control blood flow out of the ventricles

As LV contracts, opens and allows blood to leave
closes and prevents back flow of blood in LV
When ventricles contract, prevents back flow of
blood in LA and LV
Allows blood flow from RA into RV, prevents blood
moving in wrong direction
Prevents backflow of blood into RV and opens as
it contracts
9
Coverings of the Heart
  • The heart consist of two major layers
  • Heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac
    pericardium
  • The loose fitting superficial part of this sac
    fibrous pericardium.
  • The fibrous pericardium
  • protects heart
  • holds together surrounding structures
  • prevents overfilling heart with blood
  • Deeper part of fibrous pericardium is the serous
    pericardium

10
Coverings of the heart (continued)
  • Serous Pericardium a thin, two-layer membrane
    that forms a closed sac around the heart.
  • Parietal layer of serous pericardium lines
    internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
  • At superior edges of heart, parietal layer
    attaches to large arteries exiting the heart.
  • Then turns inferiorly and continues over the
    external heart surface as the visceral layer,
    also called the epicardium,  
  • which is an essential part of the heart wall.

11
Coverings of the heart (continued)
  • Layers of the Heart Wall
  • The heart wall is composed of three layers
  • Epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
  • Epicardium(superficial layer) is the visceral
    layer of the serous pericardium.
  • Thin layer of CT and fat
  • Myocardium(middle layer) composed mainly of
    cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) and forms
    the bulk of the heart.
  • CT fibers form a dense network called the fibrous
    cardiac skeleton that support structure of the
    myocardium cardiac muscle fibers.
  • Inner layer Endocardium made up of endothelial
    consist of thin, smooth membrane, lines inside
    chambers of heart, located under myocardium.

12
Coverings of the heart (continued)
13
Coverings of the heart (continued)
  • pericardial cavity Between the parietal and
    visceral layers contains a film of serous fluid.
  • The serous membranes are lubricated by the serous
    fluid
  • Allows for gliding past each other, allowing the
    heart to work in a friction-free environment.

14
Blood vessels
  • Arteries Vessels that transports blood away form
    the heart to capillaries
  • Capillaries small blood vessel that connects an
    arteriole to a venule thin and fragile
  • Veins vessels that carry blood towards the heart
  • 5 major vessel that go to
  • and leave the heart
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • aorta

15
Blood vessels(continued)
  • Vena cava veins that return deoxygenated blood
    from circulation body and empty into the right
    atrium
  • Superior transports deoxygenated blood from
    upper extremities (head, neck etc.)
  • Inferior transports deoxygenated blood from
    lower extremities (thorax, abdomen, etc.)
  • Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from
    right ventricle into lungs for oxygenation.
  • pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood from lungs
    into left atrium return to systemic circulation.
  • The aorta (largest artery) carries oxygenated
    blood from left ventricle of heart into systemic
    circulation.
  • Pulmonary trunk artery vessel in which blood
    from RV exits, then branches to left and right
    pulmonary arteries transports blood to lungs

16
Blood vessels( continued)
  • 3 layer of blood vessels
  • Tunica Intima inner most layer
  • Composed of thin layers of endothelial cells
  • Allows for nutrients and gas
  • Tunica media muscular middle layer
  • Contains smooth muscle allowing to constrict and
    dilate to adjust volume of blood
  • Tunica extrema outer most layer
  • Surrounds tunica media
  • Composed of CT

17
Blood Path
3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
2. Inferior Vena Cava
1. Superior Vena Cava
6. Pulmonary Valve
8. Pulmonary Veins
7. Pulmonary Artery
5. Right Ventricle
12. Aorta
9. Left Atrium
10. Mitral Valve
11. Left Ventricle
18
REST OF OUR BODY!
19
Blood Pressure
  • There are 5 major parts that make up the process
    of blood pressure
  • Filtration
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Fluid in blood is filtered across capillaries of
    the glomerulus and into the urinary space of
    Bowmans Capsule
  • 2. Systole vs. Diastole
  • Systole maximum pressure achieved during
    ventricle contractions
  • Diastole Lowest pressure that remains in the
    arteries before the next ventricle contraction
  • Both numbers make up blood pressure

20
Blood Pressure (continued)
  • 3. Pressure vs. Distance
  • Pressure- speed
  • Distance- how far blood circulates throughout
    body
  • 4. Plasma and protein relation to blood
  • Plasma
  • extracellular matrix (yellow liquid)
  • Make up about 55 of bodys total blood value
  • Proteins
  • Transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins, and
    metals

21
Blood Pressure (continued)
  • 5. Cardiac Output (aka Q)
  • Made up of 2 components
  • Heart rate (HR) refers to number of times heart
    beats every minute (BPM)
  • Stroke volume (SV) refers to amount of blood
    pumped out of the left ventricle with every heart
    beat
  • Equation for cardiac output
  • HR x SV Q

22
Heart Beat and Sounds
  • Noises created by beating heart and flow of blood
  • Sounds reflect turbulence created when the heart
    valves snap shut
  • 2 normal heart sounds lub dub
  • Lub caused by closing of AV valves during
    ventricular systole
  • Dub cause by closing of pulmonary and AV valves
    during ventricular diastole
  • 2 different heart sounds S1 S2, produced by
    closing of AV valves and semilunar valves
  • S1 caused by AV valves, Mitral and tricuspid
  • S2 caused by semilunar valves, aortic and
    pulmonic
  • Other sounds
  • Murmur when cusps dont close completely and
    blood is leaked back through valve
  • Aortic/pulmonic sound, mitral/tricuspid

23
Conduction
  • Important tissues, cells, fibers, etc. and their
    location and function
  • Bundle branches transmits cardiac impulse from
    AV bundle to myofibers
  • Stimulates ventricles to contract
  • Atrioventricular bundle transmits cardiac
    impulses from AV node to bundle of branches
    causing contraction
  • Regulates heartbeat
  • Consists of cardiac muscle
  • Purkinje specialized cardiac muscle fibers
  • Conducts electrical impulses through heart from
    AV bundle to ventricular walls
  • Located in between lining of serous cavity

24
Conduction (continued)
  • Cells
  • Non-pacemaker cells
  • Fast rate of depolarizing
  • Located all throughout heart with the exception
    of pacemaker cells
  • Pacemaker cells
  • Slow rate of depolarizing
  • Located in SA and AV nodes
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Cardiac muscle cells
  • Able to depolarize at own rate because of
    unstable membrane resting potential and leaky ion
    channels

25
Conduction (continued)
  • SA Node (Sino atrial) pacemaker
  • Controls heart rate
  • Consists of specialized cardiac muscle fibers
  • Located in RA near superior vena cava
  • AV Node (atrioventriclular)
  • Part of electrical control system of heart
  • Between artia and ventricles
  • Located beneath endocardium and on inferior part
    of septum

26
Conduction (continued)
  • The cardiovascular system follows a very precise
    regulation so that an appropriate supply of
    oxygenated blood can be provided to different
    body tissues.

27
Conduction (continued)
Regulation Sympathetic nervous system speeds up
heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system slows
down heart rate
28
Bibliography
  • https//www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/bou
    ndless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-cardiov
    ascular-system-18/the-heart-172/heart-great-vessel
    s-866-9331/
  • http//anatomyandphysiologyi.com/heart-anatomy/
  • http//www.sharecare.com/health/blood-basics/how-b
    lood-travel-human-body
  • http//learn.fi.edu/learn/heart/vessels/capillarie
    s.html
  • http//www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/anatomy-and-ph
    ysiology/the-cardiovascular-system/blood-vessels
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