Civil Rights Vocabulary

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Civil Rights Vocabulary

• Prejudice irrational suspicion or hatred of a
  particular group, race, or religion (holding
  unreasonable preconceived judgments or
  convicts) THOUGHT
• Discrimination treatment or consideration based
  on class or category rather than individual
  merit to act on prejudice ACTION
• Segregation separate by race
• de facto segregation that exists by practice
  and custom ex) white flight after WWII
• de jure segregation by law
• ex) Jim Crow laws
• Integration to open to people of all races or
  ethnic groups without restriction desegregate

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Civil Rights Vocabulary (cont)

• Jim Crow discrimination against blacks
  especially by legal enforcement or traditional
  sanctions
• Black Codes laws passed by the Southern states
  after the Civil War to regain control over freed
  slaves, maintain white supremacy, and ensure the
  continued supply of free labor.
• Oppression unjust or cruel exercise of power or
  authority to weigh down
• Emancipation the act of setting a person free
  from any type of restraint or servitude,
  particularly slavery

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Civil Rights Vocabulary (cont)

• Civil disobedience the act of intentionally
  breaking a law that one thinks is wrong or
  refusing to obey a governmental order,
  particularly if one publicizes the act of civil
  disobedience with the purpose of changing that
  law or order. Nonviolent protest
• Pacifism opposition to war or violence as a
  means of settling disputes
• Bigotry/Bigot one who regards or treats members
  of a group with hatred and intolerance
• Racism a belief that some races are by the
  nature superior to others discrimination based
  on such a belief
• Stereotype an idea that many people have about
  a thing or group and that may often be untrue or
  only partly true applying that idea to
  individuals as well as the group

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13th Amendment

• Jan. 31, 1865 (proposed)
• Dec. 18, 1865 (ratified)
• 13th amendment
• Made slavery illegal throughout the US

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Freedmans Bureau

• 1865
• Freedmans Bureau
• provide relief for all poor peopleblack
• white in the South

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14th Amendment

• 1866 (proposed) July 28, 1868 (ratified)
• All people born or naturalized in the US are
  citizens.
• Citizens guaranteed equal protection under the
  law
• States could not deprive any person of life,
  liberty, or property, without due process of
  law.
• Banned former Confederate officials from holding
  state or federal offices.
• State laws are subject to review by federal
  courts.
• Congress has power to pass any laws needed to
  enforce any part of amendment.

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15th Amendment

• Proposed Feb. 1869/ Ratified March 1870
• gave African American men in US the right to vote

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Civil Rights Act of 1875
• (later declared unconstitutional)
• guaranteed African Americans equal rights in
  public places like theaters public
  transportation

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Tuskegee Institute

• 1881
• Tuskegee Institute
• founded by Booker T. Washington
• to develop African American businesses
• economic power social change

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Ida B. Wells

• late 1890s
• Ida B. Wells (-Barnett)
• A Red Record3 yr. listing of the lynchings of
  blacksnamed the lynchers

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Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1896
• Declared that segregation was allowed if
  separate but equal facilities were provided for
  African Americans.

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NAACP

• 1909
• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People
• Civil Rights organization formed by W.E.B. DuBois
• and others to fight discrimination and
  segregation
• Usually used the courts/justice system to work
  for change

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UNIA

• 1914
• UNIAUniversal Negro Improvement Association
• Founded by Marcus Garvey to promote
• racial pride and unity urged blacks to
• become economically independent

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Great Migration

• During the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of black
  southerners began moving to the North to escape
  racial prejudice
• Faced opposition from whites concerned about job
  losses
• 25 urban race riots during the 1920s in the North

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Harlem Renaissance

• 1920s (after The Great Migration)
• Harlem Renaissance
• An important period of African American artistic
  growth
• Countee Cullen-- poet
• Zora Neal Hurston-- author
• Paul Robeson singer/actor

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African Americans in the Military

• 54th Massachusetts Regiment 1st all black
  fighting regiment (Civil War, Fort Wagner,
  movieGlory)
• Buffalo Soldiers built forts and maintained
  order in the Southwest US and Great Plains also
  fought in Spanish-American War (San Juan Hill)
  with Gen. Pershing against Pancho Villa
• Tuskegee Airmen 1st all black military aviation
  program (movieRed Tails)

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Committee on Civil Rights

• created by President Truman
• Findings recommendations
• racial discrimination throughout nation should
  have new laws to protect all voters,
  desegregation of armed forces, permanent Fair
  Employment Practices Commission
• Trumans 1948 actions
• ended segregation in military banned racial
  discrimination in hiring of federal employees

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Sweatt v. Painter

• (state) law schools must admit black applicants
  who qualify even if a black law school exists

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Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, KN

• May 17, 1954
• major landmark Supreme Court case in which racial
  segregation was unconstitutional

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Murder of Emmett Till

• 14 year old boy from Chicago, visiting relatives
  in Mississippi
• Said Bye Baby or wolf whistled at a white woman
• Kidnapped by womans husband brother-in-law
• Tills mother had an open casket funeral so
  people could see the brutality
• Jet magazine published picture of corpse (role of
  media)
• 5 day trial l hour jury deliberations not
  guilty verdict

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Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott

• December 1, 1955
• Parks refused to give up her seat to a white
  passenger and was arrested.
• Black leaders organized a boycott of the
  Montgomery Bus System

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The Little Rock Nine at Central High School
Little Rock, Arkansas

• 1957
• 9 black students selected to integrate Central
  HS Gov. Orval Faubus used
• National Guard to prevent students from starting
  school Pres. Eisenhower sent in federal troops
  to force desegregation
• Ernest Green1st African American to graduate
  from Central HS
• Little Rock schools closed the next year rather
  than integrate

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SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference

• 1957
• Founded by Martin Luther King, Jr. and 60 other
  ministers to coordinate non-violent protests

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Feb. 1, 1960 Sit-Ins (Greensboro, NC)

• 4 black NC AT students sit down at an all whites
  lunch counter and were refused service returned
  the next day with even more African American
  students this triggers many other similar
  non-violent protests in the South
• Led to the formation of SNCCStudent Non-violent
  Coordinating Committee in Raleigh, NC

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CORECongress of Racial Equality

• May 4, 1961
• began a series of Freedom Rides to protest
  segregation on buses and in southern bus
  stations

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1962 James Meredith

• won federal court case that allowed him to
  (enroll) attend the all white University of
  Mississippi (Ole Missnamed after what they use
  to call the mistress of the plantation)
• caused riots and he was shot
• he did graduate

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April 1963 Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from
Birmingham Jail

• King is jailed in Birmingham, Alabama for
  participation in a series of protest marches
• May 1963 protests continued and Police
  Commissioner Eugene Bull Connor used attack
  dogs and fire hoses on protestors including
  children seen on national TV, this outraged many
  and raised awareness of the struggle for Civil
  Rights

•  

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Medgar Evers

• June 12, 1963
• NAACP field secretary murdered outside of his
  home in Jackson, Mississippi Byron De La
  Beckwith is tried twice for murder, both trials
  ending in hung jurieshe is finally convicted in
  1994

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March on Washington

• August 28, 1963
• 250,000 people on the Mall in front of Lincoln
  Memorial for Civil Rights MLK gave his now
  famous I Have a Dream speech

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Sept. 15, 1963

• 4 little girls killed at Sixteenth Street Baptist
  Church
• Birmingham, Alabama
• A bomb explodes at African American church, known
  as a popular Civil Rights meeting place, killing
  the girls while they were attending Sunday
  school.
•  

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• July 2, 1964
• banned segregation in public places such as
  restaurants and transportation facilities also
  prohibited discrimination by employers, unions,
  or universities with federal contracts/money

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Summer 1964 Freedom Summer

• white college students traveled to Mississippi to
  help African Americans register to vote

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Aug. 5, 1964

• missing Civil Rights workers found murdered
• names James Chaney (Af. Am.) 2 whites--Andrew
  Goodman and Michael Schwerner
• Situation the 3 went to Mississippi to register
• African Americans to vote

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Assassination of Malcolm X Feb. 21, 1965

• He had been a leader of the Nation of Islam,
  which favored black separatismsocial and
  economic independence in the beginning did not
  discourage violenceby any means necessary
• left Nation of Islam and was reconsidering his
  ideas of integration when he was shot by three
• members of the Nation of Islam in New York
  City

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March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama
March 7, 1965

• voter registration march organized by MLK

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Voting Rights Act of 1965 Aug. 10, 1965

• gave federal government the power to inspect
  voter registration procedures and protect all
  citizens voting rights (final ban on literacy
  tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, etc.)

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Watts Riots August 18, 1965

• riots in a neighborhood of Los Angeles
• caused by anger over racism lead to riots in
  other parts of the country

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Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in
Memphis, Tennessee

• April 4, 1968
• James Earl Ray was convicted for shooting Dr.
  King on the balcony of a Memphis hotel
• His death caused riots in more than 100 US cities

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

• Prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, and
• financing of housing