The Beginnings of Industrialization

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The Beginnings of Industrialization

• Chapter 25 Section 1
• p. 633-637

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Industrial Revolution

• The greatly increased output of machine-made
  goods that began in England during the 18th
  century.

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The Industrial Revolution Begins

• In the 1700s, English landowners dramatically
  improved farming methods
• These changes paved the way for the Industrial
  Revolution

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The Agricultural Revolution

• Wealthy landowners enclosed their land with
  fences or hedges.
• They experimented with seeding and harvesting
  methods in fields called enclosures.

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Enclosures

• New methods of farming were tested
• Large landowners forced small farmers to become
  tenant farmers or move to the cities

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Jethro Tull

• One of the first scientific farmers
• Inventor of the seed drill

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Seed Drill

• Allowed for more accurate sewing of seeds

• More seeds germinated, thus boosting crop yields.

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Crop Rotation

• An improvement on the three-field system of the
  Middle Ages

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Crop Rotation
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Selective Breeding of Crops

• Food yields were improved

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Livestock Breeding

• Selective breeding of livestock increased their
  weights
• Food supplies and living conditions improved

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Robert Bakewell

• Selective breeding made improvements to livestock.

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Robert Bakewell
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Robert Bakewell
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Industrialization

• The process of developing machine production of
  goods

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Britains Advantages

• Water power and coal to fuel new machines
• Iron ore to construct new machines, tools, and
  buildings
• Rivers for inland transportation
• Harbors from which merchant ships set sail

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Economic Strength

• Highly developed banking contributed to
  industrialization
• Bank loans were available to invest in new
  machinery
• Overseas trade increased the demand for goods

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Political Stability

• England took part in many wars during the 1700,
  but none was on British soil
• Their military was powerful and successful
• They had all of the factors of production

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Factors of Production
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Inventions Spur Technological Advances

• Britains textile (fabric) industry clothed the
  world
• This was the first industry to be transformed
• Cloth merchants made big profits

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Major Inventions inthe Textile Industry

• Flying Shuttle
• Spinning Jenny
• Water Frame
• Spinning Mule
• Power Loom

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Spinning Jenny
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James Hargreaves

• Inventor of the Spinning Jenny

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Factories

• Large buildings in which machinery is set up to
  manufacture goods.

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English Cotton

• Came from Plantations in the American South

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Eli Whitney

• Inventor of the Cotton Gin
• American cotton production went from 1.5 million
  pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810

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Cotton Gin
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Interchangeable Parts

• Whitney also invented the concept of using
  interchangeable parts.
• Interchangeable parts are parts that are for
  practical purposes identical. They are made to
  specifications that ensure that they are so
  nearly identical that they will fit into any
  device of the same type. One such part can freely
  replace another, without any custom fitting.

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Improvements in Transportation

• The steam engine had been used in mining
• It was improved upon by James Watt
• He joined with entrepreneur Matthew Boulton to
  produce better steam engines
• An entrepreneur organizes, manages, and takes on
  the risks of a business.

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James Watt

• Made improvements to the steam engine

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Steam Engine
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Water Transportation

• Robert Fulton used steam power to propel boats
• His steamboat, the Clermont, ferried passengers
  down the Hudson River.
• In England, a 4250 mile system of canals was
  built

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Robert Fulton

• Inventor of the steamboat

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English Canal System
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Road Transportation

• British roads were improved by Scottish engineer
  John McAdam
• Large stones were used as roadbeds to drain water
• A smooth layer of crushed rock was used on top
• Some road builders built roads for profit. They
  were called turnpikes (toll roads)

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The Railway Age Begins

• Richard Trevithick hauled ten tons of iron over
  ten miles in 1804 using a steam powered
  locomotive
• George Stephenson began work on the worlds first
  railroad line
• 27 miles from Yorkshire to Stockton

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Richard Trevithick

• British railroad pioneer

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George Stephenson

• Began the worlds first railroad line

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The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

• The port at Liverpool was connected with the
  factory city of Manchester
• George Stephensons Rocket was used on the line
• It reached 24 miles per hour and could haul a 13
  ton load

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Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

• Railroads spurred industrial growth
• Thousands of new jobs were created for railroad
  workers and miners
• Agriculture and fishing industries were boosted
  because goods could be transported to market
  faster
• Country people could take jobs in the city

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Assembly Line
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