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Victoria Land Transect Project
UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN THE
ECOTOXICOLOGY and ECOPHYSIOLOGY APPROACH
PNRA Project 1.3 - Applied ecophysiology and
ecotoxicology research for investigating
natural and anthropic changes in
Antarctic environments.
Marco Nigro, University of Pisa Department of
Human Morphology and Applied Biology - Biology
and Genetics, via Volta 4, I-56100 Pisa,
Italy Francesco Regoli, University of
Ancona Institute of Biology and Genetics, via
Ranieri, Monte dAgo, I-60100 Ancona, Italy
Biomarkers
Simonetta Corsolini, Silvano Focardi, University
of Siena Department of Environmental Science -
Section of Applied Ecology, via delle Cerchia 3,
I-53100 Siena, Italy
Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation
Silvia Olmastroni , University of
Siena Department of Environmental Science -
Section of Applied Ecology, via delle Cerchia 3,
I-53100 Siena, Italy
Seabirds Ecology
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Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic
Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal

• CHEMICALS TO BE INVESTIGATED
• Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - ppDDE, HCB, other
  chlorinated pesticides
• - Polychlorobyphenils (PCBs)
  including toxic non-ortho congeners
• Dioxins (PCDDs)
• Furans (PCDFs)
• Polychloronaphtalenes (PCNs)
• PAHs

• SAMPLING (collaboration with other research
  groups)
• non-invasive methods (blood, biopsies, eggs,
  feathers, guano)
• fishing
• diving

• SPECIES
• benthic organisms
• krill
• fish
• squid
• seals
• cetaceans (killer whale, minke whale)
• birds (penguins, petrels, skuas)

• CONSERVATION OF SAMPLES
• to be kept at -30C

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Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic
Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal
warm and temperate emission areas

• GLOBAL CONTAMINANTS POPs HAVE BEEN FOUND IN
  POLAR REGIONS BECAUSE OF GLOBAL FRACTIONATIONS.
• POPs VAPORIZE FROM SOURCE AREAS IN THE
  MID-LATITUDES AND ARE TRANSPORTED TO THE HIGH
  LATITUDES BY AIR MASS MOVEMENTS.
• IN RELATION TO THE VOLATILITY OF THE VARIOUS
  POPs, THEY CONDENSE AT DIFFERENT AMBIENT
  TEMPERATURES AND FALL OUT ON THE EARTH SURFACE
  AGAIN. MOST VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ARE EXPECTED TO BE
  TRANSPORTED TO THE POLES.

POPs
low volatility (DDT)
intermediate volatility (HCB, PCBs, PCNs)
high volatility (CFCs)

• THEN IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE PRESENCE OF POPs MAY
  FOLLOW A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT.
• DUE TO THE LOW TEMPERATURES, POPs DEGRADATION IS
  VERY SLOW. ICE IS A COLD TRAP FOR POPs AND IT CAN
  RELEASE THEM THUS THESE COMPOUNDS MAY ENTER IN
  THE TROPHIC WEBS AND BIOACCUMULATE.
• MIGRATORY ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY TOP PREDATORS, MAY
  BE ANOTHER SOURCE OF POLLUTANTS.

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Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic
Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal
Grass Hopper Effect
In warm temperature POPs evaporate POPs move in
air by winds to colder places In cold
temperature POPs condense and fall to earth The
place where they fall out depends on POP
physicochemical properties (volatility) and
temperature
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Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic
Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal
Distribution of PCBs in the open-ocean surface
seawater over the Bering Sea, Western Pacific and
Antarctic Ocean from 1975 to 1982 (Tanabe
Tatsukawa, 1984)
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Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic
Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal

• QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
• ARE THE LATITUDINAL AND CONSEQUENT TEMPERATURE
  GRADIENTS IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE
  BIOACCUMULATION OF GLOBAL CONTAMINANTS? AND ARE
  THE SCIENTIFIC STATIONS A LOCAL SOURCE OF
  POLLUTION?
• DO ANIMAL MIGRATORY OR NON MIGRATORY HABITS
  AFFECT THE PRESENCE OF POPs (PESTICIDES, PCBs,
  PCNs, DIOXINS, FURANS, PAHs) IN THE TISSUES OF
  MARINE ORGANISMS?
• EXPECTATIONS
• EVALUATE THE EVENTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
  LATITUDE AND THE TYPE OF POP ACCUMULATED BY
  ORGANISMS.
• PROVIDE BESELINE DATA FOR THE MENTIONED POPs IN
  ORGANISMS OF THE ROSS SEA/VICTORIA LAND COASTS.
• OUTLINE THE BIOMAGNIFICATION PROCESSES IN THE
  ANTARCTIC TROPHIC WEBS AND IDENTIFY THE MOST
  EXPOSED SPECIES BY EVALUATING XENOBIOTIC TOXICITY
• (USING THE DIOXIN TOXIC EQUIVALENTS APPROACH).