Chapter 4 Review

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Chapter 4 Review
2
The hypothesis of Panspermia proposes that
meteors or cosmic dust may have brought
____________ to Earth.
3
Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular (few
multicellular), photosynthetic or heterotrophic,
such as amoebas and algae, are classified into a
kingdom called _____________________.
4
According to geochemists which of the following
would have been the most unlikely condition on
the primitive Earth?A. atmospheric
coolingB. crust formationC. gas cloud
encircling the EarthD. high levels of
oxygenE. water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
among the early gases
5
Oparin, in his theory of primary abiogenesis
suggested cell predecessors asA. microspheresB.
protocellsC. protobiontsD. coacervatesE. liposo
mes
6
The current bubble hypothesis for the evolution
of life does not includeA. volcanic eruptions
under the ocean releasing gases in bubbles
B. bubbles of oxygen mixed with volcanic
produced bubblesC. complex organic molecules
mixed into the ocean from rainD. energy sources
included UV, radiation, and lightening E. gases
concentrated inside bubbles
7
All living organisms on Earth are characterized
by cellular organization, growth, reproduction,
and ___________________.
8
Thomas Cech coined the term ribozymes or
ribosomes to describe RNA molecules that behaved
like enzymes.
9
It is generally agreed that the early Earths
reducing atmosphere containedA. carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrogen gasB. hydrogen sulfide, water,
ammoniaC. more than traces of free oxygenD. a,
b, and c are trueE. only a and b are true
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_________ It has recently been discovered that
enzyme-like catalysis can be carried out not only
by enzymes but also byA. sugarsB. DNAC. phospho
lipidsD. RNAE. steroids
11
Many scientists believe that life on Earth
originatedA. on the surface of clay
particlesB. at deep-sea ventsC. under the
frozen oceanD. in the foam produced at the
oceans edgeE. all of the above
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In Oparin's bubble theory, the chemical-concentrat
ing bubble-like structures were called
______________________.
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Oparin suggested the theory ofA. biogenesisB. pr
imary abiogenesisC. natural selectionD. coacerva
tesE. protobionts
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Scientists believe that our atmosphere has
progressively changed as some living organisms
began to harness sunlight energy to split water
molecules to form complex carbon molecules. This
activity led to an increase inA. waterB. ammonia
C. oxygenD. ozoneE. carbon dioxide
15
The most primitive bacteria that exist today
areA. amoebaB. eubacteriaC. archaebacteriaD. a
lgaeE. nitrogen-fixing bacteria
16
Archaebacteria are most likely to be found today
in A. hot sulfur springsB. in the Dead
SeaC. in a small pond in the Tropical Rain
ForestD. a and b onlyE. all of the above
17
Organelles such as the nucleus are not present in
__________________ organisms.
18
When phospholipid molecules are placed into
water, microspheres form spontaneously. These
microspheres are calledA. protonsB. anaerobesC.
archaebacteriaD. eukaryotesE. coacervates
19
The first step in the origin of life is thought
to be the formation of organic compounds from
atmospheric components, using all of the
following forms of energy exceptA. catabolismB.
lightningC. radioactive decayD. solar
radiationE. volcanic eruption
20
Bacteria that lack the peptidoglycan in their
cell wall areA. coacervatesB. eukaryotesC. livi
ng fossilsD. archaebacteriaE. fungi
21
Even though archaebacteria are considered the
most primitive forms of life so far discovered on
Earth, they stillA. utilize sunlight as a
primary energy sourceB. utilize ATP as their
energy-carrying moleculeC. reproduce normally in
oxygen-rich environmentsD. create their nuclear
membranes from peptidoglycansE. have difficulty
maintaining the cell wall surrounding their cells
22
Prokaryotes were the only organisms for about
____________________ billion years after life
began on Earth.
23
Early cyanobacteria evolved a form of
photosynthesis that permanently changed the
Earths atmosphere by releasing which of the
following gases?A. carbon dioxideB. nitrogenC.
oxygenD. ozoneE. carbon monoxide
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An experimental test of the hypothesis to explain
the origin of the first organic compounds on
Earth might include all of the following
sequential steps (starting with a and proceeding
to e) exceptA. assemble an atmosphere with H2,
CH4, NH3, and H2SB. place this atmosphere over
liquid waterC. inoculate with a few bacteria to
get the process startedD. increase the
temperature of the gasesE. provide energy with
electrical spark discharges
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Probably the energy source for the first
photosynthetic cells wasA. chemical bond
energyB. lightningC. radioactive
decayD. geothermal energyE. sunlight
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The early atmospheric condition of primitive
Earth was thought to contain ample hydrogen atoms
which was conducive to bond formation and is
referred to as a ______________________
atmosphere.
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The only origin of life on Earth theory or
possibility that permits testable scientific
hypotheses isA. alien originB. special
creationC. spontaneous originD. double
helixE. atomic
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Among the products of the Miller-Urey experiments
and subsequent experiments by others, it was
shown that which of the following subunits could
be produced in simulated primitive Earth
conditions?A. ammonia and waterB. amino
acidsC. CO2 and H2OD. formaldehyde and hydrogen
sulfideE. methane and oxygen
29
Oxygen concentration of 1 of 1 billion years ago
increased to the present level of 21 because of
photosynthetic activity ofA. fungiB. cyanobacter
iaC. plantsD. protistsE. animals
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___________________ are bacteria that are able to
grow without air or that are poisoned by
oxygen.
31
Spontaneous origin proponents hypothesize that
life evolved from inanimate matter. According to
this view, the force leading to life
wasA. selectionB. resistance to
radiationC. ability to live on landD. ability
to reproduceE. all of the above
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The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been
estimated to beA. 6000 years oldB. 8 billion
years oldC. 4.5 billion years oldD. 1.5 billion
years oldE. 1995 years old
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Diversity among the vast numbers of organisms
that have arisen on the Earth can be attributed
to all the following exceptA. sexual
reproductionB. multicellularityC. a
membrane-bound nucleusD. for the development of
the endoplasmic reticulumE. for the ability to
utilize the same gene sequences to produce their
proteins
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Endosymbiotic bacteria relationships evolved into
more complex cell types called ___________________
_, which possessed nuclear membranes and
membrane-bound organelles.
35
The age of the Earth according to modern
estimations isA. 8 billion yearsB. 4.5 billion
yearsC. 3.5 billion yearsD. 1.5 billion
yearsE. a few thousand years
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The characteristics of life include all of the
following exceptA. complexityB. deathC. multice
llularityD. sensitivity to environmentE. inherit
ance
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The kingdom not containing eukaryotes
isA. protistaB. archaebacteriaC. fungiD. anima
liaE. planta
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Which of the following was demonstrated by the
Miller-Urey experiment?A. Life began in the
oceans.B. Life can be started experimentally in
the laboratory.C. Organic molecules important to
life could have been formed from a vast array of
simple chemicals.D. Life began on the pre-biotic
Earth 3.5 billion years ago.
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Most recent molecular studies have led to the
addition of a sixth kingdom, Archaea, containing
certain groups of __________________ with unusual
cell walls, membranes and eukaryote-like genetic
mechanisms.
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The oldest microfossils are ofA. bacteriaB. euka
ryotesC. insectsD. pollen grainsE. small
animals
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All living organisms possessA. photosynthesisB.
cellular organizationC. growth and
metabolismD. reproduction and heredityE. only
b, c, and d
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Multicellularity and endosymbiotic relationship
is not observed inA. animaliaB. plantaC. bacter
iaD. fungiE. protista
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Through reconstruction of the conditions of the
primitive Earth in simulation experiments,
scientists have concluded that certain key
M___________________ of life could have been
created as a by-product of its conditions at
birth.
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Life apparently originated on Earth aboutA. 1
million years agoB. 6000 years agoC. 4.5
billion years agoD. 8 billion years agoE. 3.5
billion years ago
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Coacervates have all of the following
exceptA. they enclose a small amount of
waterB. they divideC. they growD. they have a
two-layer outer boundaryE. they show heredity
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Recent molecular studies have added a new sixth
kingdom for prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan
in their cell walls. It is calledA. yeast
kingdomB. paramecium kingdomC. amoeba
kingdomD. archaebacteria kingdomE. eubacteria
kingdom
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Archaebacteria share all of the following
characteristics exceptA. unicellular
structureB. considered prokaryotesC. include
human pathogens