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BIBLIOMETRY SCIENCE OF SCIENCES
Dr.Eugene GARFIELD
An Application for a Subject Category Energy
Fuels
Ismail Hakki Demirel - Cem Saraç
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Introduction
In recent years, bibliometric analysis
techniques have been widely used in library and
information science and management (Garfield,
1976 1994). These techniques provide a
quantitative analysis to describe the structure
of publications within -a given scientific
area, -university, -research institute or
-country.
(Moed et al, 1995 Narin and Hamilton, 1996
Almind, P. Ingwersen, 1997 Cronin, 2001 Tian
and Hong, 2008 Coccia, 2008).
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Bibliometric parameters include -the number of
publications in a given year, -the source,
-the document type, -the place of research
(country), -the number of times cited (Moed,
2005) and -the patterns of co-subject
categories. In addition, international
scientific influence, generally recorded as the
impact factor, is another crucial bibliometric
parameter used to assess journal status (Van
Raan, 2000 Bollen et al, 2006).
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Studying the systematic evaluations using
bibliometric parameters also
provides new insights to policy makers
restructuring research in particular fields
for optimising the allocation of governmental
research
and

(Lopez-Illescas et al, 2008).
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A bibliometric analysis of worldwide research
papers on Energy and Fuels, 1981-2007
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The objectives of this study are to
bibliometrically analyse energy and fuels
literature published between 1981 and 2007 and
present a comparative assessment of the
structure of energy and fuels research in the
most prolific countries and unions. We
focused on work published in the United States of
America, eight countries in the European
Union-1, 10 countries in European Union-2,
Brazil, Russia, India, PR China and South Africa
constitute the BRICS countries (which are the
most countries growing in science and
technology) and six countries with active
research communities. The study aims to
strengthen the understanding of the development
of scientific research on energy and may aid in
formulating new strategies for energy and fuels
research.
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Data Setting and Methods-1 The documents used in
the present study were based on source data of
the Web of Science, provided by the Institute for
Scientific Information (ISI. Thomson Reuter, PA.
USA). The keywords energy and fuels were used
to search for appropriate titles, collecting
documents belonging to 250 fields. The fields are
defined according to the list of subject
categories in the Web of Science database. In
this study, the search was limited to the years
between 1981 to 2007, inclusive and document
types were limited to peer-reviewed journal
articles, reviews and notes. Other types of
documents such as editorials, proceedings
papers, book reviews, etc. were not included in
the publication counts.
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Data Setting and Methods-2 Citations were
counted during the 1981-2007 time interval. The
citations per paper (CPP) value is calculated by
dividing the total number of citations by the
countrys total number of papers in the
subject. Information about the journals in
which the energy and fuels papers were published
and the impact factors (IF) of the journals were
determined using the annual update of Journal
Citation Reports, published in 2007.
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Figure 1 shows the distribution of the number of
papers published in three periods within the
1981 to 2007 time frame.
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A total of 116,801 papers on energy and fuels
were published between 1981 and 2007 worldwide.
During this time span, the total number of
citations was 631,240, with an average citation
per paper of 5.40. The worlds average number
of documents in energy and fuels increased
approximately 4.26 percent per year, indicating
that the topic of energy and fuels is a rapidly
developing subject area for research.
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Table 1. Publication and citation numbers of the
most prolific countries and their citation per
paper (CPP) values in the period of 1981 and
2007.
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It can be seen from the Table 1 that the United
States, the greatestcontributor, published
36,013 (30.83 ) papers. Germany and Canada
ranked second and third, respectively,
contributing 7,182 (6.14 ) and 7,093 (6.07 )
papers on energy and fuels. Japan contributed
6,991 (5.99 ) and England contributed 6,940
(5.94 ), ranking these countries fourth and
fifth in publication productivity. Russia
(5,910 5.06 ) and Australia (3,188 2.73 )
are also in the top ten. One observation is
that the total contribution ratio of EU-1 and
EU-2 countries (30.55 ) was equal to the
contribution ratio of USA (30.83 ). BRICS
countries and Other Most Prolific countries
contributed 15.67 and 18.14 of the total,
respectively.
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Although the national scientific performance,
based on the annual number of publication,
varies considerably, Germany, England and France
have the similar publication trends in time span
between 1981 and 2007. Publication trends of
EU-1 countries differ, while trends in Italy,
Sweden, the Netherlands and Poland are more
comparable to each other. Spain displays a
sharp increase in publications from 2000 to 2007
with the total number of documents increasing by
over a factor of two.
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The total number of papers published by the EU-2
countries is 6,228, constituting 5.83 of the
entire worlds literature in the field. The
total number of publications and citations
attributed to the EU-2 countries is one-fifth of
that of the EU-1 countries. The largest
contributions to the entire EU-2 publications are
from Greece (20.79 ), Scotland (15.46 ) and
Denmark (13.79 ). Belgium, Finland and Austria
came next, contributing 11.8 , 11.43 and 9.25
, respectively, of all EU-2 papers. The
smaller contributions are from Portugal (7.2 ),
Ireland (3.93 ), Hungary (3.47 ) and Czech
Republic (2.86 ).
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Among the five BRICS countries, Russia has the
largest number of publications (5,910),
constituting 32.3 of the total BRICS
papers. India and China ranked second and third,
respectively, with 5,443 and 5,278 papers.
China is the most remarkable of the BRICS
countries for its sharply increasing number of
publications in the last 10 years. Brazil also
displays a similar publication trend for the same
time periods. South Africa is the least
productive BRICS country.
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The total number of papers published by Canada
and Japan are far greater than those of the
other four countries. The contribution rates
of Canada and Japan to the worlds publications
are 6.07 and 5.99 , respectively. The
annual number of publications in Japan in the
last ten years is higher than papers in the
other five countries, while the annual
publications in Canada is the highest of the
Other Most Prolific Countries. the number of
publications in South Korea grew quickly in the
last eight years (2000-2007).
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Publications on energy and fuels are heavily
concentrated in the fields of chemical
engineering, petroleum engineering and
thermodynamics. The total contribution from
these fields constitutes 55 in 1992 and 73
in 2004. Mechanical engineering (A),
multidisciplinary geosciences (B), and
electrical and electronic engineering,
electrochemistry, and nuclear science and
technology (C) contribute a smaller proportion to
the energy and fuels literature. The group
comprised of other co-subject categories include
seventeen subfields, such as physical chemistry
applied chemistry environmental sciences
multidisciplinary materials science organic
chemistry applied physics and
multidisciplinary engineering.
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Table 2. The most productive institutions of the
energy and fuels papers.
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Table 3. A ranking list of energy and fuels
journals with their impact factor and paper
numbers, 1981-2007
(paper numbers from Web of Science, impact
factors taken from Journal Citation Report of
ISI, Thomson Reuter-2007)
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Table 3. continue
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Table 3. continue
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Table 3. continue
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Table 4. Energy and fels journals with at least
three papers cited more than 100 times
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Table 5. Highly cited papers of energy and fuels.
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Table 5. continue
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Conclusions We have used bibliometric methods
to quantitatively characterize the worldwide
development of papers on energy and fuels.
Energy and fuels-related topics are posited to
be a favourite scientific research areas in the
near future. Consequently, much attention and
more efforts should be paid to the patterns of
development in these fields.
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Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to
the Scientific and Technological Research
Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for release of the
data used in this study. The authors thank
Erdal Akilli, Serpil Yetgin and Ömer Büyükçinar
(TUBITAK ULAKBIM) for the technical assistance
regarding use of the database and in preparing
figures.