Antebellum Reform Movements

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AntebellumRevivalismReform
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1. The Second Great Awakening (Religion and
Change)
Social Reforms Redefining Equality
Education
Temperance
Abolitionism
Asylum Penal Reform
Womens Rights
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Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
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Charles G. Finney(1792 1895)
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting
light the candles and lamps illuminating the
encampment hundreds moving to and frothe
preaching, praying, singing, and shouting, like
the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow
up all the powers of contemplation.
soul-shaking conversion
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The Mormons

• 1823 ? Golden Tablets
• 1830 ? Book of Mormon
• 1844 ? Murdered in Carthage, IL

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
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Violence Against Mormons
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints)

• Deseret community.
• Salt Lake City, Utah

Brigham Young(1801-1877)
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Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)
The Shakers

• If you will take up your crosses against the
  works of generations, and follow Christ in
  theregeneration, God will cleanse you from
  allunrighteousness.

• Remember the cries of those who are in need and
  trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may
  hear your cries.

• If you improve in one talent, God will give you
  more.

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Shaker Meeting
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Shaker Hymn http//www.youtube.com/watch?v06jF1EG
8o-Q
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be
free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought
to be,And when we find ourselves in the place
just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and
delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow
and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn
will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we
come round right.
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Shaker Simplicity Utility
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2. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism)

• Liberation from understanding and the cultivation
  of reasoning.
• Transcend the limits of intellect and allow the
  emotions, the SOUL, to create an original
  relationship with the Universe.

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Transcendentalist Thinking
A very simple idea. People, men and women
equally, have knowledge about themselves and the
world around them that "transcends" or goes
beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or
feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and
imagination not through logic or the senses.
People can trust themselves to be their own
authority on what is right. A TRANSCENDENTALIST
is a person who accepts these ideas not as
religious beliefs but as a way of understanding
life relationships.
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Transcendentalism (European Romanticism)

• Example
• Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked
  that he should be held in slavery!
• Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man
  to that divinity which God had endowed them.

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Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Nature(1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden(1854)
The American Scholar (1837)
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The Transcendentalist Agenda

• Give freedom to the slave.
• Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
• Give learning to the ignorant.
• Give health to the sick.
• Give peace and justice to society.

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A Transcendentalist CriticNathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-1864)
One should accept the world as an imperfect
place Scarlet Letter House of the
Seven Gables
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• Utopian Communities
• New Jersey

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The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848

• Millenarianism --gt the 2nd coming of Christ
  had already occurred.

• Humans were no longer obliged to follow the
  moral rules of the past.

• all residents married to each other.

• carefully regulated free love.

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
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Utopian NJ

• In the middle of the central New Jersey commuter
  belt, there is one of these utopian socieities
  Rows of short streets, each lined with identical
  houses. Free Acres, regarded at its founding
  nearly a century ago as one of New Jerseys
  so-called utopian communities by New York lawyer
  Bolton Hall.
• Halls experiment was not unusual. From the
  mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, New
  Jerseys proximity to New York and Philadelphia,
  as well as its landscape of coastal plain,
  mountains, and farms, made it home to a
  surprising number of so-called utopian
  communities. Created in response to an
  increasingly industrialized society that
  separated people from nature and from each other,
  these communities were hungry for open land. In
  rural New Jersey, you could pick your paradise.

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4. Penitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
1821 ? first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY
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Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
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5. Temperance Movement
1826 - American Temperance SocietyDemon
Rum! Movement to rid the country of alcohol!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
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Annual Consumption of Alcohol
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The Drunkards Progress
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
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6. Social Reform ? ProstitutionThe Fallen
Woman
Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887)

• 1835 ? Advocate of Moral Reform
• Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the
  Johns pimps, not the girls.

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7. Educational Reform
Religious Training ? Secular Education
By 1860 every state offered free public
education to whites. US had one of the
highest literacy rates.
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Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Father of American Education

• children were clay in the hands of teachers
  and school officials

• children should be molded into a state of
  perfection

• discouraged corporal punishment

• established state teacher- training programs

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The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

• Used religious parables to teach American
  values.

• Teach middle class morality and respect for
  order.

• Teach 3 Rs Protestant ethic (frugality,
  hard work, sobriety)

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Women Educators

• Troy, NY Female Seminary
• curriculum math, physics, history,
  geography.
• train female teachers

Emma Willard(1787-1870)

• 1837 ? she established Mt. Holyoke So.
  Hadley, MA as the first college for women.

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
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7. Separate Spheres Concept
Cult of Domesticity

• A womans sphere was in the home (it was
  arefuge from the cruel world outside).
• Her role was to civilize her husband andfamily.

• An 1830s MA minister

The power of woman is her dependence. A woman
who gives up that dependence on man to become a
reformer yields the power God has given her for
her protection, and her character becomes
unnatural!
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Early 19c Women

1. Unable to vote.
2. Legal status of a minor.
3. Single ? could own her own property.
4. Married ? no control over herproperty or her
   children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.
6. Couldnt make wills, sign a contract, or bring
   suit in court without her husbands permission.

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What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!
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Cult of Domesticity Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve
society.
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké

• American WomensSuffrage Assoc.
• edited Womans Journal

• Southern Abolitionists

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8. Womens Rights
1840 ? split in the abolitionist movement
over womens role in it. London ? World
Anti-Slavery Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
1848 ? Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
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Seneca Falls Declaration
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9. Abolitionist Movement

• 1816 ? American Colonization Society
  created (gradual, voluntary
  emancipation. (freedom)

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Abolitionist Movement

• Create a free slave state in Liberia,
  WestAfrica.
• No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in
  the 1820s 1830s.

Gradualists
Immediatists
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Anti-Slavery Alphabet
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William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

• Slavery Masonryundermined republicanvalues.
• Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
• Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue.

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Editor of The Liberator
Premiere issue ? January 1, 1831
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Black Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
1829 ? Appeal to the Coloured Citizens
of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set
free by whites.
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Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845 ? The Narrative of the Life Of
Frederick Douglass 1847 ? The North Star
newspaper
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Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)or Isabella Baumfree
1850 ? The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
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Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

• Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
• 40,000 bounty on her head.
• Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

Moses
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Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
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The Underground Railroad
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The Underground Railroad

• Conductor leader of the escape
• Passengers escaping slaves
• Tracks routes
• Trains farm wagons transporting
  the escaping slaves
• Depots safe houses to rest/sleep