America Moves to the City

1
America Moves to the City

• CHAPTER 25 NOTES
• AP US History
• Mrs. Marshall

2
Immigrants

• Until 1890 most were from western and northern
  Europe with exception of Irish and Chinese. WASP
  (White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants) came as
  families. Most had skills.
• 1890s to WWI they were from southern and eastern
  Europe. Most were unskilled.
• Most were not Protestants, many were single males

3
Immigrants

• Many moved from farms to cities due to
  availability of industrial jobs.
• Reasons immigrants came to America
• Escape religious persecution
• Escape overcrowded conditions in Europe
• Looking to improve economic status
• Looking for greater freedom

4
Immigrants

• Ellis Island

• Angel Island

• New York Harbor

• San Francisco

5
Birds of Passage

• Immigrants who did not intend to stay in the US.
  Came to work for a short time and return to
  Europe

6
Preservation of Culture

• Ways new immigrants tried to preserve culture
• Established parochial schools
• Foreign newspapers
• Established food stores, social clubs
• Tended to settle in clusters
• America became a melting pot

7
Cities

• End of 19th century 4 of every 10 Americans lived
  in cities
• Reasons that sent people to cities
• Farm workers lost their jobs to new farm
  equipment
• Small farmers could not afford to buy new
  equipment /could not compete with large
  commercial farms
• Farmers lost land during Panic of 1873
• African Americans escaping Jim Crow
• Immigrants looking for better life
• Excitement of city life

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Problems of the City

• Problems faced by city dwellers
• Shortage of housing
• Transportation problems
• Increase in crime
• Clean/safe water
• Sanitation (garbage and waste)
• Shortage of jobs

9
Housing Shortage

• Solution to housing shortage
• dumbbell tenements
• row houses

10
Mass Transit

• Transportation systems designed to move large
  numbers of people along a fixed route.
• Electric streetcars-Richmond, Va. 1888
• Allowed middle class and wealthy of move farther
  from cities.

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Skyscrapers

• Term 1st used in 1880s (10 to 20 story
  buildings)
• Made possible by steel structure, elevators,
  central heat and electric plumbing pumps

12
Department Stores

• Marshall Field-built largest department store in
  the world

13
Mail-Order Business

• 1872 Aaron Montgomery Ward- created a catalog to
  advertise goods.
• 1896 Richard W. Sears- Sears, Roebuck Co.

14
Political Machines

• Political Machines-Ward Bosses- William Marcy
  Tweed. Immigrants were a primary target.

15
Social Gospel Movement

• A reform group that worked to improve life in the
  cities. They preached people reached salvation by
  helping the poor.

16
Settlement Houses

• Community center providing assistance to
  residents, especially immigrants, of slum
  neighborhoods. Helped immigrants make the
  transition to their new lives.
• Hull House- Jane Addams- 1889 in Chicago
• Henry Street Settlement- Lillian Wald-1893-New
  York

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Florence Kelley

• An advocate for improving the lives of women and
  children. Became general secretary of national
  Consumers League where she lobbied to improve
  factory conditions.

18
Nativism

• Nativism- the favoring of the interest of
  native-born people over the interest of
  immigrants.
• American Protective Association was an
  anti-catholic, anti-immigrant group who acquired
  a membership of more than 2 million during the
  1890s. Wanted restrictions on immigration.

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• 1882- 1st restrictive law passed. Paupers,
  criminals and convicts all were deported.
• 1885- Congress passed more legislation which
  prohibited the importation of foreign workers
  under contract.
• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banned all but a few
  Chinese immigrants into the US only allowed
  merchants, tourists, students, teachers. Not
  lifted until 1943.

20

• The Roman Catholic Church responded most
  favorably to the New Immigrants
• Late 19th century orthodox Protestant churches
  were being challenged by
• Theories of Charles Darwin
• Mounting emphasis on materialism
• Social doctrines of Catholicism and Judaism

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• Darwins theory of evolution cast serious doubt
  on a literal interpretation of the Bible.
• Religious moderates found ways to reconcile
  Christianity and Darwinism

22
Education

• 1865-1895 -- 31 states passed laws requiring
  children ages 8-14 to attend school 3 months of
  each year.
• By 1900, almost ¾s of American children between
  those ages attended school.
• Growth of public education affected mainly white
  communities.
• Immigrants attended schools in large numbers.

23
Education

• At turn of century about 2 of Americans attended
  college
• People attending college were from middle class
  or wealthy families and were primarily white
  males.

24
Chautauqua Movement

• A self improvement movement founded in 1874.
  Offered challenging, informational and
  inspirational stimulation to rural and small-town
  America.

25
Booker T. Washington

• Founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
  He believed that racism would end when blacks
  acquired useful labor skills and were valuable to
  society.

26
George Washington Carver

• Internationally famous agricultural chemist who
  provided a much needed boost to the southern
  economy by discovering new uses for old produces.

27
W. E. B. Dubois

• Black educator. Founded the Niagara Movement
  which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal
  arts education. He demanded complete equality for
  African Americans.

28
Morrill and Hatch Acts

• Morrill Act (1862 and 1890 gave federal land to
  states to help finance agricultural colleges
• Hatch Act (1887) extended the Morrill Act,
  established agricultural experiment stations to
  inform farmers of developments

29
Changes in Curriculum

• Challenged by Darwinism
• Industrialization brought about demands for
  practical course and vocational changes
• Emphasis on preparing students for professions

30
Newspapers and Magazines

• Newspapers and magazines became source of
  entertainment.
• Joseph Pulitzer - New York World-Sunday edition
  (comics, sports coverage, womens news)
• William Randolph Hearst -San Francisco Examiner
  and New York Morning Journal (published
  exaggerated and made-up stories)

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• 1900 art galleries were in largest cities.
• As literacy rate rose people read more.
• Lewis Wallace
• Horatio Alger
• Walt Whitman
• Mark Twain
• Stephen Crane

32
Comstock Law

• A federal statue intended to advance the cause of
  sexual purity

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New Morality

• Ways new morality were reflected
• Soaring divorce rates
• Spreading practice of birth control
• Frank discussion of sexual topics
• Critiques of womens roles as mothers

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Urban Impact on Families

• Impact new urban environment had on families
• Divorce rate rose
• Fathers, mothers and children worked
• Decrease in birth rate
• Marriages were delayed

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Womens Rights

• National American Woman Suffrage Association
  (1890)
• Carrie Chapman Catt
• National Association of Colored Women (1896)
• Ida B. Wells
• Movie Iron Jawed Angels

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Temperance Movement

• Prohibition came about with the 18th amendment in
  1919. Made it illegal to make, sale or transport
  alcoholic beverages in US

37
Music

• Music gained popularity
• Metropolitan Opera House-New York 1883
• Phonograph was found in many homes

38
Architecture
Trinity Church in Boston One of Henry Hobson
Richardsons most famous works

• Richardson Ian Architecture
• Henry Hobson Richardson
• Revival style and was characterized by massive
  stone walls and dramatic semicircular arches.

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Popular Activities

• Amusement parks
• Bicycling
• Spectator sports-boxing, football and baseball
• Basketball invented in 1891
• Vaudeville Theater
• Circus-1871- the Greatest Show on Earth
  
• Barnum and Bailey circus