America: Past and Present

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• America Past and Present
• Chapter 2 Englands Colonial ExperimentsThe
  Seventeenth Century
• LEAVING HOME
• The chapter opens with John Winthrop, governor
  of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, wondering if the
  native raids on Virginia tobacco farmers were not
  simply Gods punishment upon them for their
  worldliness. When the natives later declared war
  against the New Englanders, Sir William Berkeley,
  royal governor of Virginia, declared the natives
  to be instruments of God. Perhaps two noteworthy
  points can be drawn from this exchangenatives
  were increasingly weary of European cultural
  influences and land pressures, and colonists
  suffered from regionalism as early as the
  mid-1600s. Wonder if we should consider this
  disunity or diversity?

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• The different groups who fled England for
  different reasons created unique American
  colonial experiences that resulted in diversity
  and disunity.

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• English colonization in the 17th c. did NOT
  spring from a desire to build a centralized
  empire in the New World similar to that of Spain
  and France. The crown awarded charters to
  entrepreneurs, religious idealists, and
  aristocratic adventurers.
• Migration helps to explain why colonial
  settlements had little in common with each other.
  At different times, different colonies appealed
  to different sorts of people.
• Economic, social, political and religious reasons
  for migration.
• Think PERSIA

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• "PERSIA" is an acronym for
• Political,
• Economic,
• Religious,
• Social,
• Intellectual, and
• Artistic.
• It is a framework for organizing your thinking
  about history.

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• BREAKING AWAY
• Reasons for colonization
• Land pressures were a problem in England also,
  but for different reasons. The population grew
  from 3.5 to 5 million in a 70-year period, and
  cities could not keep up with the demand for jobs
  or the need for improvements in public health
  conditions. Wandering poor represented a threat
  to good order. Use overseas colonies for getting
  rid of human offal.

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• 2 Combine these elements with the religious and
  political struggles of the era, and Pilgrims
  headed to Holland, kings losing their heads
  (Charles IStuart), eleven years under a Lord
  Protector named Cromwell, and the following
  restoration and Glorious Revolution (William and
  Mary). When James II lifted some of the
  restrictions governing Catholics, a Protestant
  nation rose up in what was called the Glorious
  Revolution. This altered the course of English
  political history and that of the American
  colonies. The crown was still a potent force but
  never again would an English monarch attempt to
  govern without Parliament.
• Needless to say, in the 1590s life was hard for
  nonconformists, but ordinary people had choices
  to move to America.

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• 3 International trade was increasing
  especially with the discovery of Spanish metals
  which had a profound effect on world trade.
  Europe now a money economy
• As trade spread, colonizing ventures expanded-
  North Atlantic fishing increased in Labrador
  Newfoundland and Canada. Samuel de Champlain
  est. Quebec for France which worried the English
  in 1620s.

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• THE STUART MONARCHS
• James I
• (r. 1603-1625)
• Charles I
• (r. 1625-executed 1649)
• fighting with Parliament, far-reaching
  religious reform led to English Civil War between
  Royalists v. Parliamentarians
• Oliver Cromwell
• (r. 1649-1660)
• Charles II
  James II
• (r. 1660-1685)
  (r. 1685-deposed 1688)
• Restoration Glorious Revolution
• William III Mary Anne
• Prince of Orange m.
  (r. 1688-1695)
  (r. 1702-1714)
• (r. 1688-1702)
• see notes on Glorious Revolution

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• During times of political turmoil, religious
  persecution, and economic insecurity, men and
  women thought more seriously about transferring
  to the New World than they did during periods of
  peace and prosperity

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• THE CHESAPEAKE DREAMS OF WEALTH
• Hakluyts promise of wealth, anti-Catholicism
  and hatred of Spain were a few factors that
  helped inspire folks to travel to Maryland and
  Virginia
• Entrepreneurs in Virginia
• Joint-stock companies helped underwrite expenses
  of colonial ventures
• The crown will grant charters but not help with
  finances
• VA charter issued in 1606 by James I to the
  London Company later to be called the Virginia
  Company.
• Vague boundaries.

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• Jamestown founded at head of James River-
  Jamestown began continuous English presence in
  North America
• A marshy and disease-ridden location with
  drinking water contaminated with salt but
• A defensible location against Spanish and Indians
• English shared labor system did not work well
  in new colony
• Colonists hoped for instant wealth as in New
  Spain
• May 6, 1607 Virginia Co sent 105 settlers- looked
  like a Dark Age settlement but English est.
  foothold on continent but it lacked family
  units. Half died by 1608.

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• The lack of clean water,
• the fact that Jamestown was built on a swamp, the
  lack of food,
• and the mens disinterest in agriculture all
  contributed to a high death rate.
• At the end of the first year, there were only 34
  men still alive, and it looked like Jamestown
  might suffer the same fate as Roanoke.
• The colony survived, but only barely.
• Over the next thirteen years, more than 6,000
  people would emigrate to Jamestown, but only
  1,300 would survive.

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• Order Out of Anarchy
• John Smith to the rescue!
• John Smith was a mercenary - a hired soldier-who
  had a seat on Jamestowns council. He mapped the
  Chesapeake Bay and established friendly
  relations with Indians. When he retuned to the
  colony he had an idea of what to do and was
  elected pres of council-earliest example of
  popular democracy at work in America.
• 1608took control of ruling council and
  established discipline
• All worked, all lived. Able to get food from
  Indians
• 1609new charter issued by King, new investors
  joined

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• Smith injured and returned to England other
  texts mention the new charter left him without
  legal status so that is why he returned, while
  on a voyage he discovered Cape Cod and wrote A
  Description of New England-this is the first time
  this term was used to describe this area of the
  continent and it stuck.
• John Smith's map, published in 1616, from
  observations in 1614-15, is by many regarded as
  the oldest map of New England.

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• Supply ships grounded in Bermuda think
  Shakespeares The Tempest
• Generally regarded as Shakespeares last play
  1611
• Performed for King James I and at the marriage
  festivities of his daughter Elizabeth
• Source William Stracheys account of the
  shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609
• A plan to abandon Jamestown (1610)
• Half of colonists dead -suspicion of cannibalism
  the Indians had turned hostile In the midst of
  one of the most powerful Indian confederations
  east of the Mississippi R. w/ Powhatan as
  leader.
• Decided to give up but as they were going
  downriver 3 ships arrived under Lord De La Ware
• New legal code Dales Code after marshal Thomas
  Dale- civil not martial law-but with Puritan
  tones. Promoted an elective representative
  assembly called the House of Burgesses.
• Native conflicts and lack of profit were serious
  complications

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• Arrival of
• De La Warr at Jamestown

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Lord De La Warr

• As a veteran of English campaigns against the
  Irish, De La Warr employed "Irish tactics"
  against the Indians troops raided villages,
  burned houses, torched cornfields, and stole
  provisions these tactics,identical to those
  practiced by the Powhatans themselves, proved
  effective.
• He had been appointed governor-for-life (and
  captain-general) of Virginia.
• Lord De La Warr returned to England and published
  a book about Virginia, The Relation of the Right
  Honourable the Lord De-La-Warre, of the Colonie,
  Planted in Virginia, in 1611.
• He remained the nominal governor, and he had
  received complaints from the Virginia settlers
  about Argall's tyranny in governing them for him,
  so Lord De La Warr set sail for Virginia again in
  1618, to investigate those charges.
• He died en route, and it was thought for many
  years that he had been buried in the Azores or at
  sea.
• In 2006, recent research had concluded that his
  body was brought to Jamestown for burial. A grave
  site thought by researchers to contain the
  remains of Captain Gosnold may instead contain
  those of Baron De La Warr.

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• Stinking Weed
• Tobacco, not cedar trees
• John Rolfe married Pocahontas, planted tobacco
  and became wealthy
• James I opposed sales at first, collected duties
  and changed his mind
• Sir John Sandys encouraged investment through
  headrights
• Colonists who paid for their voyage received
  headrights
• 50-acre lot that required a small annual rent
• Additional headrights granted for each servant
  brought
• Wealth and labor exploitation persisted through
  this system
• This allowed prosperous planters to build huge
  estates.
• Sandys suggested economic diversification and a
  lottery
• Encouraged production of iron, tar, silk,
  glass, sugar, cotton
• Sandys sent thousands of new settlers to the
  colony

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• Rolfe was one of a number of businessmen who saw
  the opportunity to undercut Spanish imports by
  growing tobacco in England's new colony at
  Jamestown.
• Rolfe had somehow obtained seeds to take with him
  from a special popular strain then being grown in
  Trinidad and South America, even though Spain had
  declared a penalty of death to anyone selling
  such seeds to a non-Spaniard.

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• In 1614 Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the
  local leader Powhatan
• Pocahontas and Rolfe traveled to England in 1616
  with their baby son, where the young woman was
  widely received as visiting royalty. However,
  just as they were preparing to return to
  Virginia, she became ill and died.

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• Time of Reckoning
• Most new immigrants to VA were young men (20s)
• Most came as indentured servants
• Women were a precious commodity
• Indentureds often died before their service
  ended
• Most died of poor treatment or disease
• Water supplies were contaminated by salt
• Native killed some
• Death omnipresent-one of the main reasons the
  Chesapeake colonies developed so differently
  from New England-sense of impermanence.
• Drinking was a common practice here

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• 1619 important
• 1. 90 young women arrived
• 2. Colonist given rights of Englishmen first
  General Assembly (House of Burgesses) met in
  Jamestown Church Miniature parliament- nothing
  like it in any American colonies
• 3. Rolfe wrote of 20 slaves or were they
  indentured servants? It was hard to get labor so
  as tobacco grew so did slave population.
• Two roads-representative institutions and slave
  labor

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• Scandal and Reform
• Why had so many colonists died in a land so
  rich in potential?
• Who was to blame?
• 1. VA company officials valued profit over
  good government
• Did not provide for the common good.
• Ignored poor defenses.
• Had no sense of shared purpose.
• This embarrassed the king so
• VA was declared a royal colony in 1624
• King appointed governor and council
• House of Burgesses remained an elected body
• Divided into 8 counties in 1634
• Appointed justices of the peace
• The county court was the most important
  institution of local government in VA serving as
  a center for social, political and commercial
  activities.

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• Planters ignored advice to diversify crops
• Problems continued
• Conflicts with natives continued
• Plantations operated as isolated economic
  units
• Schools, churches and sense of community
  did not develop
• Original Virginia settlers were gentlemen,
  adventures, landless men, indentured servants who
  all wanted to do better financially

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• Maryland A Troubled Refuge for Catholics
• Maryland became a thriving tobacco colony
• Colony founded by Sir George Calvert-Lord
  Baltimore
• James I was the colonys patron
• Had served as James I secretary of state
• Shocked everyone by declaring his
  Catholicism-forced to resign
• Colony granted to Sir Georges son Cecilius
• Son desired to create this refuge for Catholics
• 150 original settlers
• New colonists swore allegiance to Lord Baltimore

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• Boundaries not settled until mid-18th c. when
  Charles
• Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed their famous
  line
• between Pennsylvania and Maryland-Mason-Dixon
  Line
• Baltimore owned 6 million acres
• Cecilius brother Leonard, the colonys
  governor,
• instructed Roman Catholics to keep quiet about
  religion.
• All colonists were assigned a place in the
  social order
• Colonists swore allegiance not to the king but
  to L. Balt.
• Lord of the manor purchased 6000 acres
• This feudal system never took root-25 years of
  
• legislative squabbling-led to political
  instability

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• Religious civil war (England) caused similar
  conflicts in MD
• Acts of religious toleration were passed
• The Puritans revolted against the proprietary
  government and set up a new government that
  outlawed both Catholicism and Anglicanism
  repealing the acts In 1650
• Settlers were driven out during the plundering
  time
• The Puritan revolutionary government persecuted
  Maryland Catholics during its reign. All of the
  original Catholic churches of southern Maryland
  were burned down
• Tobacco was the main cash crop-affected almost
  every aspect of local culture-indentured servants
  later replaced by slaves
• Large landowners prospered laborers suffered

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The Maryland Toleration Act, issued in 1649, was
one of the first laws that explicitly defined
tolerance of varieties of religion
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• REINVENTING ENGLAND IN AMERICA
• Pilgrims (Separatists) from Scrooby Manor moved
  from England to the Netherlands to the New World,
  hoping to separate from the Church of England and
  preserve their British culture.
• The Mayflower Compact provided the governmental
  structure for this venture, and it took the group
  20 years to repay their investors.
• Squanto translated, Massasoit helped teach the
  Pilgrims more useful agricultural techniques, and
  the group eventually began to prosper. In 1691,
  its more prosperous neighbors in Massachusetts
  Bay absorbed Plymouth Colony.

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• Mayflower settlers were different. They were
  here to create Gods kingdom on earth. Zealots,
  idealists, utopians, and saints. They were
  energetic, persistent, courageous, with cerebral
  progeny, but they were also unbending and
  unyielding.
• Mayflower led by William Bradford (Wrote Of
  Plymouth Plantation-one of the first accounts of
  an early American settlement.) and William
  Brewster.
• The dissenter pilgrims with the captain Miles
  Standish, created a civil body politic to provide
  just laws in the Mayflower Compact.
• Founded upon church teaching and based on the
  covenant between God and the Israelites. This was
  a social contract with the head of households
  signing.
• It was not between servant and master, people and
  king, but a group of like-minded individuals.
• Formed Separatist congregations-commercial
  fishing and fur trade
• Relied on mixed husbandry (The act or practice of
  cultivating crops and breeding and raising
  livestock agriculture), grain, and livestock.

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• The Great Migration
• Puritans migrated, hoping to purifying the
  church and escape persecution
• Their beliefs and actions helped spark the
  English Civil War-which generated bold new
  thinking about republican govt and popular
  sovereignty.
• Shared beliefs included
• Moderation in their personal life
• A Calvinist view of salvation
• Removal of unscriptural elements in the
  church
• Rejection of excess and extravagance
• Predestination-looked for signs of being
  Gods elect.

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• More combative than Pilgrims.
• To Puritans James I and Charles I-tolerated
  corruption,
• gross public extravagance, appeased Catholic
  foreign powers, no interest in purifying Anglican
  Church.
• William Laud, a bishop, defended church
  ceremonies, persecuted Puritan ministers. He was
  advanced by Charles and later became the
  archbishop of Canterbury. The chief bishop and
  principal leader of the Church of England.
• Massachusetts Bay Colony began with a royal
  charter
• Attained by wealthier puritans
• Looked like a typical joint-stock arrangement
  to Charles-just
• another commercial venture

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• Winthrop and 11 others signed the Cambridge
  Agreement-
• Pledge made in Cambridge, England, in 1629 by
  Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Co.
  to emigrate to New England if the colony's
  government could be transferred there. The
  company agreed and shifted control of the
  corporation to the signers of the agreement.
• Hoped to prevent British interference in colonial
  govt

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• A City on a Hill
• 2000 joined Winthrop in the first year of the
  colony (1630)
• His diaries and letters are the most important
  documents about early American colonies.
• The US is first nation in human history whose
  most distant origins are fully recorded.

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• Grew to 16,000 by early 1640s during the Great
  Migration
• Humans function best at outdoor temp. of mean
  average of 60-65 degrees Mental activities best
  at 38 degrees with seasonal changes
• Most originally from East Anglia (NE London)
• Had farming and manufacturing backgrounds-rainfall
  was satisfactory minerals and variety of crops
  possibleno famine
• Colonists brought livestock and plants-maize a
  godsend since it produced twice as much food as
  traditional English crops
• Settlers discovered chestnuts, walnuts, hickory,
  plums, cherries, pumpkins, squash, beans, rice
• Lots of wildlife, fur, fish, copper, lead, zinc,
  coal, iron and timber

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• Moved as nuclear families, thus sustaining
  population growth
• Bound by common purpose and covenant
• Wanted to stand as a beacon of light for
  Christians
• Group welfare was crucial for success
• All were obliged to work
• Patriarchal attitude toward Indians-primitive
  compared to South Am
• Small numbers, no domestic animals, villages
  semi-permanent
• Many tribes wiped out by small pox

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• Developed a Congregational form of church and
  community govt
• Each village church was independent of outside
  interference.
• Testimony was required for church membership
• Church attendance was required for all colonial
  residents
• Membership was not
• Colonial unity was crucial
• Franchise was extended to all adult male church
  members
• By 1630s 40 of adult males could vote
• Elected officials ruled in the name of the
  voters
• With responsibility to God
• No one favored democracy
• Elected leaders were not under the authority of
  church leaders
• Residents did have to pay taxes and serve in the
  militia
• Taxes paid the ministers salary
• Towns became the center of public life not the
  county.

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• Defining the Limits of Dissent
• Winthrop ruthless in dealing with dissent
• The General Court (legislature) devised the
  Lawes and Liberties
• Important in constitutional history-engendered
  public trust
• Discouraged magistrates from arbitrary exercise
  of authority.
• First alphabetized code of laws in English
• Listed rights and responsibilities
• Was not supportive of religious toleration
• Colonists read Bible themselves-common tongue
  King James version

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• Roger Williams was expelled
• For views of extreme separatism
• Winthrop stood for authority-Williams for
  liberty
• Thought colony should pay natives for land
• Had originally intended to be Indian
  missionary, learned Algonquilian-unchristian to
  take Indian land
• Believed each individual had covenant with god
  so MUST have separation of church and state but
  majority rules
• Williams a secularist Salem preacher
• Thought civil punishment for sin was wrong

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• Winthrop warned him of plans to send him back to
  England so he fled.
• Negotiated land purchases with Indians. Welcomed
  dissenters.
• Went back to Eng. for a charter. Avoided
  conflicts with Indians until King Philips War
• Established Providence, colony in RI
• After Charles II took reign went back to Eng to
  make sure he had a legal charter for Rhode
  Island.

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• It stated
• -No person with in said colony at any time
  hereafter shall be in any risk punished.. for
  any difference in opinion in matters of
  religion a critical turning point- religious
  competition - separation of church and state

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• Anne Hutchinson was expelled
• Believed in divine inspiration apart from the
  Bible or clergy-her teachings could not be tested
  by Scripture-too subjective for leaders.
• Believed in antinomianism
• Salvation by faith alone
• Rejection of the work of following moral law
• Claimed to have had personal revelations
• These beliefs could lead to anarchy or disunity
• She left behind not a single letter- only
  documentation
• her two trials.
• Her house a resort for women in trouble.
  Sermons
• discussed afterwards.
• Gods gift not earned.
• Individual did NOT need ministers.
• Must abolish distinctions of gender. Women
  could receive the spirit and utter Gods
  teachings.

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• Winthrop believed she was being manipulated by
  the devil-a witch of sorts .
• The typical person accused of being a witch was
  a woman of middle age. She was married, had
  children, though widows and childless women were
  also suspected. Some of them were quite poor, but
  taken altogether they spanned the entire social
  spectrum. Often, accused witches were women who
  exhibited odd personal behavior, who were
  quarrelsome with their neighbors, were
  cantankerous, feisty, angry, and quick to take
  offense. Is it possible that the colonists
  disposed of social misfits by bringing such
  charges against them? And if the defendant was
  convicted of witchcraft, she was hanged.

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• Winthrop had discovered Hutchinson had had a
  miscarriage, which he interpreted as a sign of
  Gods wrath. Her friend Mary Dyer had given
  birth to a stillborn, malformed infant which he
  had dug up and examined. Mary Dyer refused to
  leave the colony and was hanged in1660.
• Was this a misogynist response?
• Hutchinson moved to Rhode Island then to what is
  now NY where she and he family with the exception
  of one daughter were killed by Indians in 1643.
  This was interpreted as providential with some
  calling her the American Jezebel From a
  biblical and Christian point of view, a
  comparison to Jezebel would suggest that a person
  would be a pagan or an apostate masquerading as a
  servant of God, who by manipulation and/or
  seduction misleads the saints of God into sins of
  idolatry and sexual immorality, making them
  ineffective. It has also been used to refer to
  those who challenge evidence and belief in God.
  
• Hutchinsons vindication had to wait for the
  womens movement of the 1960s.

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• Breaking Away
• Four new colonies were created from the
  original Massachusetts Bay Connecticut
• By Thomas Hooker
• Liked the Connecticut River Valley Under the
  Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• These Fundamental Orders represent the framework
  for the first formal government written by a
  representative body in Connecticut.

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• New Haven
• By Eaton and Davenport
• Wanted a closer tie between church and state
• Eventually absorbed by Connecticut
• Rhode Island
• By Roger Williams (and Anne Hutchinson)
• For religious toleration
• Obtained a royal charter in 1663
• Colony wide government was hampered by dissent

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• In New England virtually everyone came from
  England and Wales.
• The religious exclusivity of the original
  settlements rarely lasted more than a decade or
  so, with dissenters being expelled.
• Wealth-gaps widened in the 2nd and 3rd
  generations.
• The social atmosphere became more secular and
  mercantile, and the Puritan merged into the
  Yankee, a race whose typical member is eternally
  torn between a passion for righteousness and a
  desire to get on in the world.

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• DIVERSITY IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES
• NY, NJ, PA and DE developed for very different
  reasons and this led to a very heterogeneous
  society
• Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
• Holland had trading outposts on the Hudson for
  their vast commercial network possessed the
  worlds largest merchant fleet.
• Permanent settlement began in 1624 (Fort Orange
  and New Amsterdam)
• Dutch rivalry with Spain responsible for the
  settlement. Excellent base from which to attack
  Spains colonies in New World.
• Dutch West India Company sponsored two small
  outposts,
• Fort Orange (Albany) and New Amsterdam (NYC)

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Fort Orange

• Fort Orange was a small wooden structure, erected
  in 1624 by the Dutch West India Company as a fur
  trading post on the west bank of the Hudson River.

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Wall treet

• The wall was created, and strengthened over time,
  as a defense against attack from various Native
  American tribes. The wall was dismantled by the
  Government in 1699. The word "wall" in the name
  may have been adopted from an original Dutch
  name in Dutch, too, the word wal means rampart
  or fortification.

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• In the late 18th century, there was a buttonwood
  tree at the foot of Wall Street under which
  traders and speculators would gather to trade
  informally. In 1792, the traders formalized their
  association with the Buttonwood Agreement. This
  was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange.

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• New Netherland was small and lacked capable
  leadership
• Greed and anarchy led to internal and external
  conflicts
• Settlers had no loyalty to colony or country
• Ethnic mix of English, Finns, Germans, and
  Swedes.
• Petrus Stuyvesant tried in vain to protect from
  British attack
• James, Duke of York was first British leader
  took over in 1664
• No provision was made for elected
  government
• Authority seemed arbitrary
• Dukes Laws allowed for religious freedom and
  local govt-
• These were drawn up by Governor Nicolls.
• Dutch residents retained their own culture and
  language

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• Governor Stuyvesant destroying the summons to
  Surrender NY

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• RICHARD NICOLLS, THE FIRST GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK,
  AFFIRMS AND GRANTS THE ASSIGNMENT OF A 1644 LAND
  PARCEL IN MANHATTAN HELD BY GROOTE (BIG) MANUEL,
  A FREE NEGRO, TO HIS WIFE FOLLOWING HIS DEATH.
  MANUEL WAS ONE OF THE FIRST ELEVEN BLACKS IN NEW
  YORK (1626), AND PARTICIPATED IN THE FIRST BLACK
  LEGAL PROTEST IN AMERICA (1644)

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• Confusion in New Jersey
• Founded by Sir George Carteret and John, Lord
  Berkeley
• Land given as a gift from the Duke of York
• Governor Nicolls of NY was not impressed-he
  believed this belonged to NY
• Who ruled what and received quitrents was a
  major concern

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• This was a kind of land tax that the Crown
  originally imposed and that was regulated by acts
  of Parliament. The basic English land laws under
  which the people of colonial Virginia gained
  title to their land required the owners to pay to
  the Crown a quitrent of two shillings for each
  hundred acres of land. If a landowner failed to
  pay the quitrent for a specified number of years,
  the Crown had the right to take back the land and
  grant it or sell it to another person. The money
  raised by this tax went into the royal treasury
  and was used to pay the expenses of the royal
  government in the colony.

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• After much confusion, Berkeley sold all
  proprietary rights to some Quakers-the sale
  necessitated two separate govts
• Quakers of West Jersey issued a democratic plan
  of govt known as the Laws, Concessions, and
  Agreements -but still fought amongst themselves.
• New Jerseys population did not grow as fast as
  other colonies since it lacked a good deepwater
  harbor-not a commercial center
• There was a diversity of settlers from almost
  every European nation and religious background
• East and West Jersey became a unified royal
  colony in 1702

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• QUAKERS IN AMERICA
• These extreme antinomians had a profound effect
  on the area. They were also called Friends or
  Professors of the Light. No need for learned
  ministry, since one persons interpretation of
  Scripture was as valid as anyone elses.
  (Perhaps the reason for so many problems in NJ.)
  Quakers were a product of the English Civil War.

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• Quaker Beliefs and Practices
• Founded by George Fox
• A poor man who believed in Inner Light-appealed
  to low class
• Could attain greater spiritual perfection on
  earth-Everyone could be saved
• Original sin and predestination were cast aside
• Simple clothes and possession, pacifism and
  equality were key tenets
• Did not swear oaths or honor worldly titles,
  pacifists, preached conversion
• Quakers important in early history of NJ, RH, NC,
  and PA
• Puritans executed a few lost Quakers in
  Massachusetts Bay (Mary Dyer)
• This only inspired Quakers to redouble their
  efforts

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• Penns Holy Experiment
• William Penn upset his dad and became a
  Friend
• Penn spent a few years in jail for his beliefs
• Later was given a charter for Pennsylvania by
  Charles II
• Penn based his government on the writings of
  James Harrington
• Liberty of conscience, freedom from
  persecution,
• no taxation without representation, and due
  process
• Stressed equitable land distribution and voice
  in govt
• Penns legislature was complex and ineffective

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• (The frieze of the Rotunda of the United States
  Capitol contains a painted panorama depicting
  significant events in American history.)
• Apr. 23, 1701William Penn signs a treaty of
  friendship at Philadelphia with representatives
  of the SUSQUAHANNA, SHAWNEE, GANAWESE, and the
  IROQUOIS. All parties agree to act peaceably with
  each other. The treaty became known as the
  "Articles of Agreement".

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• Settling Pennsylvania (Penns Woods)
• Penn promoted the colony in England, Ireland and
  Germany
• Only source of revenue in PA was the sale of
  land and quitrents
• Colonists came from Barbados, Jamaica, NY and NJ
  and from Wales in which a large Welsh-speaking
  area kept its culture for generations.
• Ethnic and religious diversity-quarrelsome
  politics
• Penn only stayed for a few years beginning in
  1682
• 8000 arrived in 1685 most were not Quakers
• prospered w/ agricultural products, esp. wheat
• Penn was imprisoned in England for debts and
  died a broken man
• Colony was an economic success despite dishonest
  dealings by colonial agents
• Penns 1701 Charter of Liberties remained until
  the Revolution (unicameral legislature)

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• Everything in Pa. was big from the
  start-diversity of population, Philadelphia built
  for high-class commerce with wide streets which
  were paved and curbed with sidewalks and
  spaced-out trees.
• Phil. soon became the cultural capital of
  America.
• The first independent black denomination the
  African Methodist Episcopal Church was housed
  here.

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• PLANTING THE CAROLINAS
• the southern colonies were never a cohesive
  section in the same way that New England was.
  The great diversity of population
  groupdiscouraged southern sectionalism.
• Proprietors of the Carolinas (named for King
  Charles)
• Product of the Restoration of the Stuarts to the
  English throne.
• Founded by Sir John Colleton and 7 other
  planters (Barbados)
• A liberal headright system finally persuaded
  settlement
• Carolina was divided into 3 distinct sections
• Albemarle (Roanoke areanext to VA)
• Cape Fear River
• Port Royal River (now SC)
• All settlements essentially failed at first

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• The Barbadian Connection
• Anthony Ashley Cooper came to the rescue
• Yes, he was later the Earl of Shaftesbury
• Persuaded the few remaining Carolinians to
  invest in their future
• Sent a group of settlers who eventually
  established Charles Town
• did not become Charleston until 1783
• With John Lockes help, he devised the
  Fundamental Constitutions
• Created a local aristocracy, a future landed
  elite
• Both noble and small landowners had political
  rights
• Half of the new immigrants also came from
  crowded Barbados
• Wealthy immigrants brought slaves
• Cattle and agriculture, and naval stores were
  economic staples
• Not until the 1690s did rice become the
  colonys main staple
• Later proprietors were ineffective
• NC and SC became separate royal colonies in
  1729

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• THE FOUNDING OF GEORGIA
• Yes, a bunch of prisoners (mostly debtors) were
  the original settlers
• James Oglethorpe suggested this garrison colony
  as a buffer between
• English and Spanish colonies
• Slavery, rum and were prohibited
• Land possession was limited to 500 acres-land
  passed to oldest son
• The method of inheritance prevented New England
  farmers from obtaining the economies of scale
  Southern farmers obtained. In New England the
  land was divided among a farmer's sons.

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• In the South, the oldest son inherited the land.
  So, average farm size steadily fell in New
  England. A small farm can be operated by a
  family. A large farm like a Southern plantation
  can efficiently employ additional workers
• Oglethorpe fought to preserve these restrictions
• Gave up after he failed to capture Spanish St.
  Augustine (1740)
• All restrictions removed by 1751
• Few new settlers emigrated

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• RUGGED AND LABORIOUS BEGINNINGS
• With remarkable speed, in the first few decades,
  the fundamental dichotomy of America began to
  take shape, epitomized in Massachusetts and
  Carolina.
• Here, is a North-South divide. The New England
  North had an all-class mobile, and fluctuating
  society, with an irresistible upward movement
  pushed by an ethic of hard work- It was
  religious, idealistic, and frugal to the core.
• In the South there was, by contrast, a
  gentry-leisure class, with hereditary longing,
  sitting on the backs of indentured white laborers
  and a multitude of black slaves, with religion as
  a function of gentility and class, rather than an
  overpowering inward compulsion to live the godly
  life.

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• But the emerging America of colonial times should
  not be seen as a simple structure of two parts.,
  but a complex one of many parts, changing and
  growing more complex all the time.
• Compared with England, which was obliged to think
  small in many ways, already the colonies were a
  place which saw huge visions and thought big in
  numbers. PJ

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