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America Moves to the City, 1865-1900

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Title: America Moves to the City, 1865-1900


1
America Moves to the City, 1865-1900
2
The Urban Frontier
  • From 1870 to 1900, the American population
    doubled and the population in the cities tripled.
  • Department stores like Macys (New York) and
    Marshall Fields (Chicago) provided urban working
    class jobs and also attracted urban middle-class
    shoppers.
  • To escape the city, the Wealthy city dwellers
    fled to the suburbs.

3
The New Immigration
  • Until the 1880s, most of the immigrants had come
    from the British Isles and Western Europe. Most
    were quite literate.
  • While the southeastern Europeans accounted for
    only 19 percent of immigrants to the U.S. in
    1880. By the early 1900s, they were over 60
    percent.

4
Continued
  • Those immigrants who came after 1880 were
    culturally different from previous immigrants.
  • Poland and Italy were two of the countries where
    the new immigrants came from.
  • Among the factors driving millions of European
    peasants from their homeland to America were
    American food imports and religious persecution.

5
Continued
  • Dumbbell tenement were high-rise urban buildings
    that provided barracks-like housing for urban
    slum dwellers.
  • The new immigrant is referred to those who
    arrived after 1880 and came primarily from
    southern and eastern Europe.
  • Birds of Passage were immigrants who came to
    America to earn money for a time and then return
    to their native land.

6
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7
The Italians
  • Most Italian immigrants to the U.S. between 1880
    and 1920 came to escape the poverty and slow
    modernization of southern Italy.

8
Southern Europe Uprooted
  • Many immigrants tried very hard to retain their
    own culture and customs.
  • However, the children of the immigrants sometimes
    rejected this Old World culture and plunged
    completely into American life.

9
Reactions to the New Immigration
  • Most new immigrants tried to preserve their Old
    Country culture in America.
  • Two religious groups that grew because of new
    immigration were the Jews and Roman Catholics.

10
continued
  • According to the social gospel, the lessons of
    Christianity should be applied to solve the
    problems of manifest in slums and factories.
  • It is applying their religious beliefs to new
    social problems.

11
continued
  • Jane Addams founded the Hull House (Chicago) in
    1889 to teach children and adults the skills and
    knowledge that they would need to survive and
    succeed in America.
  • Settlement houses demonstrated that the cities
    offered new challenges and opportunities for
    women.

12
continued
  • The early settlement house workers, such as Jane
    Addams and Florence Kelley, helped to blaze the
    professional trail for social workers.
  • Settlement houses offered services such as child
    care, instruction in English, and cultural
    activities.

13
continued
  • The city offered the greatest opportunities for
    women in the period 1865-1900.
  • In the 1890s, positions as secretaries,
    department store clerks, and telephone operators
    were largely reserved for native-born women.

14
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
  • Nativists were U.S. citizens that opposed
    immigration.
  • Trade unionists hated immigrants for their
    willingness to work for super low wages and for
    bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism
    and communism to the U.S.
  • Labor unions favored immigration restriction
    because most immigrants were used as
    strikebreakers, willing to work for low wages, or
    difficult to unionize.

15
continued
  • The American Protective Association was a
    nativist organization that attacked New
    Immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s
    and 1890s.
  • The APA supported immigration restrictions.

16
continued
  • In 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive
    law against immigration.
  • The one immigrant group that was totally banned
    from America after 1882 nativist restrictions was
    the Chinese.
  • Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but
    resisted until they finally passed in 1917.
  • In 1886, the Statue of Liberty arrived from
    France.

17
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
  • Roman Catholicism was the religious denomination
    that responded most favorably to the New
    Immigration.
  • The Roman Catholic Church became the largest
    American religious group because of immigration.
  • The YMCA and YWCA which was created before the
    Civil War grew by leaps and bounds.

18
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
  • Charles Darwins theory of evolution cast serious
    doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible.
  • Darwins biological ideas caused turmoil in the
    traditional American Protestant Religion.
  • Religious Modernists found ways to reconcile
    Christianity and Darwinism.

19
The Lust for Learning
  • Americans began to support a free public
    education system because they accepted the idea
    that a free government cannot function without
    educated citizens.
  • The post-Civil War era witnessed an increase in
    compulsory school-attendance laws.

20
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black
People
  • Booker T. Washington believed that the key to
    political and civil rights for African Americans
    was economic independence.
  • The Tuskegee Institute was a black educational
    institution that was founded by Washington to
    provide training in agriculture and crafts.

21
continued
  • Unlike Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois
    advocated integration and social equality for
    blacks.
  • He believed that a talented tenth of American
    blacks should lead the race to full social and
    political equality with whites.
  • He demanded complete equality for African
    Americans.

22
Continued
  • Du Bois was one of the founders of the National
    Association for the Advancement of Colored People
    (NAACP).
  • Many of Du Boiss differences with Washington
    reflect the contrasting life experiences of
    southern and northern blacks.

23
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
  • The Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to
    states to support higher education.
  • Many American colleges and universities benefited
    from federal land-grant assistance and private
    philanthropy.
  • The following schools were academic institutions
    for African Americans at the turn of the century
    Howard University, Hampton University, and
    Atlanta University.

24
The March of the Mind
  • Medical school and medical science prospered
    after the Civil War.
  • The philosophy of pragmatism maintains that the
    practical application of an idea is important.

25
The Appeal of the Press
  • David Copperfield and Ivanhoe were bestsellers in
    the 1880s.
  • The Linotype was invented in 1885.
  • The country was hungry for news and American
    newspapers became sensationalist.

26
continued
  • Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of
    sensationalism in St. Louis and especially with
    the New York World.
  • Pulitzer used a colored comic strip featuring the
    Yellow Kid.
  • Randolph Hearst was a competitor that began the
    San Francisco Examiner in 1887.

27
Apostles of Reform
  • Henry George was a controversial reformer whose
    book Progress and Poverty advocated solving
    problems of economic inequality by a tax on land.
  • He found the root of social inequalities in the
    behavior of landowners who provided the space for
    the production of goods.
  • Edward Bellamy was another journalist reformer
    who wrote Looking Backward.

28
Postwar Writing
  • General Lewis Wallaces book Ben Hur defended
    Christianity against Darwinism.
  • Lewis supported the Holy Scriptures and was
    against the beliefs of Charles Darwin.

29
Continued
  • Horatio Alger was a popular writer who wrote
    about success and honor as the products of
    honesty and hard work.
  • Walt Whitman was a poet who wrote two moving
    poems after the Civil War. O Captain! O
    Captain! and When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard
    Bloomd

30
Literary Landmarks
  • Mark Twain was a Midwestern-born writer and
    lecturer who created a new style of American
    literature based on social realism and humor.
  • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The
    Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) are two
    American masterpieces.

31
continued
  • William Dean Howells wrote about contemporary
    social problems like divorce, labor-strikes, and
    socialism.
  • Stephen Crane wrote The Red Badge of Courage
    about a Civil War recruit.
  • Jack London wrote The Call of the Wild in 1903.

32
continued
  • Two black writers, Paul Laurence Dunbar and
    Charles W. Chesnutt, brought another kind of
    realism to late-nineteenth-century literature.

33
The New Morality
  • Anthony Comstock waged a lifelong war on the
    immoral.
  • The Comstock Law was intended to advance the
    cause of sexual purity.
  • The new morality was reflected in soaring
    divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth
    control, and increasingly frank discussion of
    sexual topics.

34
Families and Women in the City
  • In the late nineteenth century, family size
    gradually declined.
  • One of the most important factors leading to an
    increased divorce rate was the stresses of urban
    life.
  • Late nineteenth century feminists advocated an
    early version of day care centers.

35
Continued
  • National American Woman Suffrage Association was
    organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
    Anthony in 1890.
  • The association limited its membership to whites
    only.

members of the National American Woman Suffrage
Association, photographed in 1913 (Source
Library of Congress)
36
Continued
  • Carrie Chapman Catt was a leader of the new
    generation of women activists.
  • Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women
    the right to vote in 1869.
  • Ida B. Wells rallied toward better treatment of
    Blacks as well as formed the National Association
    of Colored Women in 1896.

37
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
  • National Prohibition Party formed in 1869 because
    they were concerned over the popularity and
    dangers of alcohol.
  • Womens Christian Temperance Union rallied
    against alcohol.
  • 18th Amendment deals with prohibition.

38
continued
  • The American Society for the Prevention of
    Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to
    discourage the mistreatment of livestock.
  • The American Red Cross was formed by Clara Barton
    in 1881.

39
Artistic Triumphs
  • Art was suppressed during the early and mid
    1800s, so many artist had to study in Europe.
  • Henry H. Richardson popularized a distinctive,
    ornamental style of design called Richardsonian
    (buildings).
  • The Marshall Field Building in Chicago was his
    most famous building.

40
The Business of Amusement
  • Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey teamed in
    1881 to stage the Greatest Show on Earth (now
    called the Ringling Bros. And Barnum and Bailey
    Circus).

41
continued
  • Wild West shows like those of Buffalo Bill Cody
    and Annie Oakley became popular.

42
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43
continued
  • Many Americans spent their leisure playing
    organized sports.
  • The first professional baseball team, which began
    playing ball in 1869, was the Cincinnati Red
    Stockings.

44
Continued
  • Football which is similar to soccer and the
    British game of rugby, developed during the late
    1800s on the college campuses of upper class New
    England schools.

45
continued
  • James Naismith invented the game of basketball in
    1891.
  • Basketball was the one of the few sports during
    the late 1800s in which womens participation was
    encouraged.

46
continued
  • Wrestling also became popular and gained respect.
  • The various racial and ethnic groups in large
    cities, through living in different
    neighborhoods, shared the following activities
    shopping, reading and playing.
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