Title: America Moves to the City, 1865-1900
1America Moves to the City, 1865-1900
2The Urban Frontier
- From 1870 to 1900, the American population
doubled and the population in the cities tripled. - Department stores like Macys (New York) and
Marshall Fields (Chicago) provided urban working
class jobs and also attracted urban middle-class
shoppers. - To escape the city, the Wealthy city dwellers
fled to the suburbs.
3The New Immigration
- Until the 1880s, most of the immigrants had come
from the British Isles and Western Europe. Most
were quite literate. - While the southeastern Europeans accounted for
only 19 percent of immigrants to the U.S. in
1880. By the early 1900s, they were over 60
percent.
4Continued
- Those immigrants who came after 1880 were
culturally different from previous immigrants. - Poland and Italy were two of the countries where
the new immigrants came from. - Among the factors driving millions of European
peasants from their homeland to America were
American food imports and religious persecution.
5Continued
- Dumbbell tenement were high-rise urban buildings
that provided barracks-like housing for urban
slum dwellers. - The new immigrant is referred to those who
arrived after 1880 and came primarily from
southern and eastern Europe. - Birds of Passage were immigrants who came to
America to earn money for a time and then return
to their native land.
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7The Italians
- Most Italian immigrants to the U.S. between 1880
and 1920 came to escape the poverty and slow
modernization of southern Italy.
8Southern Europe Uprooted
- Many immigrants tried very hard to retain their
own culture and customs. - However, the children of the immigrants sometimes
rejected this Old World culture and plunged
completely into American life.
9Reactions to the New Immigration
- Most new immigrants tried to preserve their Old
Country culture in America. - Two religious groups that grew because of new
immigration were the Jews and Roman Catholics.
10continued
- According to the social gospel, the lessons of
Christianity should be applied to solve the
problems of manifest in slums and factories. - It is applying their religious beliefs to new
social problems.
11continued
- Jane Addams founded the Hull House (Chicago) in
1889 to teach children and adults the skills and
knowledge that they would need to survive and
succeed in America. - Settlement houses demonstrated that the cities
offered new challenges and opportunities for
women.
12continued
- The early settlement house workers, such as Jane
Addams and Florence Kelley, helped to blaze the
professional trail for social workers. - Settlement houses offered services such as child
care, instruction in English, and cultural
activities.
13continued
- The city offered the greatest opportunities for
women in the period 1865-1900. - In the 1890s, positions as secretaries,
department store clerks, and telephone operators
were largely reserved for native-born women.
14Narrowing the Welcome Mat
- Nativists were U.S. citizens that opposed
immigration. - Trade unionists hated immigrants for their
willingness to work for super low wages and for
bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism
and communism to the U.S. - Labor unions favored immigration restriction
because most immigrants were used as
strikebreakers, willing to work for low wages, or
difficult to unionize.
15continued
- The American Protective Association was a
nativist organization that attacked New
Immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s
and 1890s. - The APA supported immigration restrictions.
16continued
- In 1882, Congress passed the first restrictive
law against immigration. - The one immigrant group that was totally banned
from America after 1882 nativist restrictions was
the Chinese. - Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but
resisted until they finally passed in 1917. - In 1886, the Statue of Liberty arrived from
France.
17Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
- Roman Catholicism was the religious denomination
that responded most favorably to the New
Immigration. - The Roman Catholic Church became the largest
American religious group because of immigration. - The YMCA and YWCA which was created before the
Civil War grew by leaps and bounds.
18Darwin Disrupts the Churches
- Charles Darwins theory of evolution cast serious
doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible. - Darwins biological ideas caused turmoil in the
traditional American Protestant Religion. - Religious Modernists found ways to reconcile
Christianity and Darwinism.
19The Lust for Learning
- Americans began to support a free public
education system because they accepted the idea
that a free government cannot function without
educated citizens. - The post-Civil War era witnessed an increase in
compulsory school-attendance laws.
20Booker T. Washington and Education for Black
People
- Booker T. Washington believed that the key to
political and civil rights for African Americans
was economic independence. - The Tuskegee Institute was a black educational
institution that was founded by Washington to
provide training in agriculture and crafts.
21continued
- Unlike Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois
advocated integration and social equality for
blacks. - He believed that a talented tenth of American
blacks should lead the race to full social and
political equality with whites. - He demanded complete equality for African
Americans.
22Continued
- Du Bois was one of the founders of the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP). - Many of Du Boiss differences with Washington
reflect the contrasting life experiences of
southern and northern blacks.
23The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
- The Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to
states to support higher education. - Many American colleges and universities benefited
from federal land-grant assistance and private
philanthropy. - The following schools were academic institutions
for African Americans at the turn of the century
Howard University, Hampton University, and
Atlanta University.
24The March of the Mind
- Medical school and medical science prospered
after the Civil War. - The philosophy of pragmatism maintains that the
practical application of an idea is important.
25The Appeal of the Press
- David Copperfield and Ivanhoe were bestsellers in
the 1880s. - The Linotype was invented in 1885.
- The country was hungry for news and American
newspapers became sensationalist.
26continued
- Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of
sensationalism in St. Louis and especially with
the New York World. - Pulitzer used a colored comic strip featuring the
Yellow Kid. - Randolph Hearst was a competitor that began the
San Francisco Examiner in 1887.
27Apostles of Reform
- Henry George was a controversial reformer whose
book Progress and Poverty advocated solving
problems of economic inequality by a tax on land. - He found the root of social inequalities in the
behavior of landowners who provided the space for
the production of goods. - Edward Bellamy was another journalist reformer
who wrote Looking Backward.
28Postwar Writing
- General Lewis Wallaces book Ben Hur defended
Christianity against Darwinism. - Lewis supported the Holy Scriptures and was
against the beliefs of Charles Darwin.
29Continued
- Horatio Alger was a popular writer who wrote
about success and honor as the products of
honesty and hard work. - Walt Whitman was a poet who wrote two moving
poems after the Civil War. O Captain! O
Captain! and When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard
Bloomd
30Literary Landmarks
- Mark Twain was a Midwestern-born writer and
lecturer who created a new style of American
literature based on social realism and humor. - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) are two
American masterpieces.
31continued
- William Dean Howells wrote about contemporary
social problems like divorce, labor-strikes, and
socialism. - Stephen Crane wrote The Red Badge of Courage
about a Civil War recruit. - Jack London wrote The Call of the Wild in 1903.
32continued
- Two black writers, Paul Laurence Dunbar and
Charles W. Chesnutt, brought another kind of
realism to late-nineteenth-century literature.
33The New Morality
- Anthony Comstock waged a lifelong war on the
immoral. - The Comstock Law was intended to advance the
cause of sexual purity. - The new morality was reflected in soaring
divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth
control, and increasingly frank discussion of
sexual topics.
34Families and Women in the City
- In the late nineteenth century, family size
gradually declined. - One of the most important factors leading to an
increased divorce rate was the stresses of urban
life. - Late nineteenth century feminists advocated an
early version of day care centers.
35Continued
- National American Woman Suffrage Association was
organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony in 1890. - The association limited its membership to whites
only.
members of the National American Woman Suffrage
Association, photographed in 1913 (Source
Library of Congress)
36Continued
- Carrie Chapman Catt was a leader of the new
generation of women activists. - Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women
the right to vote in 1869. - Ida B. Wells rallied toward better treatment of
Blacks as well as formed the National Association
of Colored Women in 1896.
37Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
- National Prohibition Party formed in 1869 because
they were concerned over the popularity and
dangers of alcohol. - Womens Christian Temperance Union rallied
against alcohol. - 18th Amendment deals with prohibition.
38continued
- The American Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to
discourage the mistreatment of livestock. - The American Red Cross was formed by Clara Barton
in 1881.
39Artistic Triumphs
- Art was suppressed during the early and mid
1800s, so many artist had to study in Europe. - Henry H. Richardson popularized a distinctive,
ornamental style of design called Richardsonian
(buildings). - The Marshall Field Building in Chicago was his
most famous building.
40The Business of Amusement
- Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey teamed in
1881 to stage the Greatest Show on Earth (now
called the Ringling Bros. And Barnum and Bailey
Circus).
41continued
- Wild West shows like those of Buffalo Bill Cody
and Annie Oakley became popular.
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43continued
- Many Americans spent their leisure playing
organized sports. - The first professional baseball team, which began
playing ball in 1869, was the Cincinnati Red
Stockings.
44Continued
- Football which is similar to soccer and the
British game of rugby, developed during the late
1800s on the college campuses of upper class New
England schools.
45continued
- James Naismith invented the game of basketball in
1891. - Basketball was the one of the few sports during
the late 1800s in which womens participation was
encouraged.
46continued
- Wrestling also became popular and gained respect.
- The various racial and ethnic groups in large
cities, through living in different
neighborhoods, shared the following activities
shopping, reading and playing.