The Rise of Industrial America (1865

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The Rise of Industrial America (1865 1900)

• As we view the achievements of aggregated
  capital, we discover the existence of trusts,
  combinations and monopolies, while the citizen is
  struggling far in the rear or is trampled to
  death beneath an iron heel. Corporations which
  should be the carefully restrained creatures of
  the law and servants of the people, are fast
  becoming the masters of the people.
• President Grover Cleveland, 1888

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What is the American Dream?
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled
masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched
refuse of your teaming shore, Send these, the
homeless, the tempest-tossed, to me I lift my
lamp beside the golden door. Emma Lazarus, 1883

• James Truslow Adams, in his book The Epic of
  America, which was written in 1931, stated that
  the American Dream is "that dream of a land in
  which life should be better and richer and fuller
  for everyone, with opportunity for each according
  to ability or achievement.
• Arnold Swarzenegger - To think that a once
  scrawny boy from Austria could grow up to become
  Governor of the State of California and stand
  here in Madison Square Garden to speak on behalf
  of the President of the United States that is an
  immigrant's dream. It is the American dream
• Paula Dean - I am living proof that the American
  Dream still exists. It is still alive and well.
  There is only one trick, you have to be willing
  to roll up your sleeves and work very, very hard.
• Martin Luther King - I say to you today, my
  friends, so even though we face the difficulties
  of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It
  is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I
  have a dream that one day this nation will rise
  up and live out the true meaning of its creed
  "We hold these truths to be self-evident that
  all men are created equal."

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From Rags to Riches

• In this model republic, this land of the free
  so our orators call it, and why should not we?
  Tis refreshing to know that without pedigree A
  man may still climb to the top of the tree.
• Horatio Alger

The Pursuit of Happyness
Protect Your Dreams
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Gilded Age - Mansions
Andrew Carnegie
Henry Frick
The Biltmore Estate, Asheville, N.C.
William Vanderbilt
Caroline Astor
The Breakers - Newport, Rhode Island
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The Gilded Age

• Gilded adj. to be covered with a thin layer
  of gold to falsely make something cheap and
  inexpensive look pretty and valuable.
• American society was covered with a thin layer of
  ultra-wealthy people who showed off their wealth
  (ostentatious), but most people struggled and
  suffered to survive in very unpleasant conditions.

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• Following the devastation of the Civil War and
  the turmoil of Reconstruction, Americans began to
  DREAM of happier times. In pursuit of their
  dreams, The American Dream, millions of people
  immigrated to America and migrated westward in
  search of financial success, political and
  religious freedom, and the hope of a better life.
  Though some people saw their dreams come true as
  the United States grew into a political,
  industrial, and economic giant, millions of
  Americans saw their dreams shattered as they
  suffered at the expense o f a few powerful
  people. For most, the American Dream became a
  Nightmare.

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Industrialization
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Explain how business and industrial leaders
accumulated wealth and wielded political and
economic power.

1. On what inventions did the industrial growth of
   America depend?

Invention Inventor Importance
Henry Bessemer Cheap method of mass producing ________
Edwin Drake Steam engine to drill and pump oil from deep in ground
Incandescent light bulb Replace kerosene as source of light
Telephone Replaced _______ and opened worldwide communications network
Louis Sullivan Cities grew UP and OUT
Invention Inventor Importance
Bessemer Process Henry Bessemer Cheap method of mass producing steel
Oil Drake Edwin Drake Steam engine to drill and pump oil from deep in ground
Incandescent light bulb Thomas Edison Replace kerosene as source of light
Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Replaced telegraph and opened worldwide communications network
Skyscraper Louis Sullivan (p.483) Cities grew UP and OUT
Thomas Edison was the most important inventor of
the Industrial Age because he established Menlo
Park where thousands of inventions were born.
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Objective 5.2 Explain how business and
industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded
political and economic power.

• 2. Who were the most prominent Captains of
  Industry and with what industries were they
  associated?

Captain of Industry Industry
Oil Refinery
Andrew Carnegie
William Cornelius Vanderbilt
Finance / Banking
Captain of Industry Industry
John D. Rockefeller Oil Refinery
Andrew Carnegie Steel
William Cornelius Vanderbilt Railroad
J.P. Morgan Finance / Banking
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Captains of Industry
J.P. Morgan - Banking
Andrew Carnegie - Steel
John D. Rockefeller - Oil
Cornelius Vanderbilt - Railroad
William Vanderbilt Railroad
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• 3. What methods did the Captains of Industry
  use to create their business empires and
  accumulate massive wealth?
• Corporations capital intensive businesses
  require large sums of stockholders pool
  together economies of scale higher profits
  from mass production, lower costs, less
  competition
• Combination / Consolidation / Integration the
  combination of smaller businesses into larger
  ones to reduce competition mergers and buy-outs
• Horizontal consolidation effort to eliminate
  competition by merging companies that produce
  similar products Monopolies (John D.
  Rockefeller) Slide 27
• Vertical consolidation effort to cut costs by
  owning mines, farms, oil wells and railroads
  control raw materials and transportation (Andrew
  Carnegie)
• Trusts competing companies that agree not to
  compete turn stock over to Board of Trustees who
  run separate companies as one corporation
• Holding Companies Corporation that buys up
  stock of competing companies until it owns
  majority share of all companies (J.P. Morgan and
  US Steel bought out Carnegie Steel)

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Horizontal and Vertical Consolidation
John D. Rockefeller monopolized over 90 of oil
refinery industry
Andrew Carnegie built a company that was worth
over 350 million when he sold it in 1901.
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Horizontal and Vertical Consolidation
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• 4. Why did some people call big business owners
  Robber Barons?
• Business owners took home huge profits while
  paying their workers low wages.

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Bosses of the Senate
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• 5. How did big business owners justify their
  wealth?
• Social Darwinism extension of Charles Darwins
  survival of the fittest theory of evolution if
  left alone by govt. the best businesses will
  survive (natural selection) justification for
  laissez-faire economy.
• Gospel of Wealth Wealth was a sign of Gods
  favor, those who had it had a Christian duty to
  share it give back to society charity.
• Philanthropy
• Andrew Carnegie gave away 350,000,000 to est.
  Carnegie Foundation, libraries, colleges and
  universities
• John D. Rockefeller gave away 500,000,000 to
  est. Rockefeller Foundation, University of
  Chicago, medical institute
• Bill Gates Gates Foundation promotes world
  health research and education
• Why do they do it?

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• This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of
  Wealth First, to set an example of modest,
  unostentatious living, shunning display or
  extravagance to provide moderately for the
  legitimate wants of those dependent upon him and
  after doing so to consider all surplus revenues
  which come to him simply as trust funds, which he
  is called upon to administer, and strictly bound
  as a matter of duty to administer in the manner
  which, in his Judgment, Is best calculated to
  produce the most beneficial results for the
  communitythe man of wealth thus becoming the
  mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren,
  bringing to their service his superior wisdom,
  experience, and ability to administer, doing for
  them better than they would or could do for
  themselves. . . .
• Andrew Carnegie. "Wealth," North American Review,
  CXLVIII (June. 1889). 661-662.

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Slide 21
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The Bessemer Process
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The Wizard of Menlo Park
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The Railroad Industry drives economic growth
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Carnegies Steel Empire
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Rockefellers Standard Oil
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Carnegie Sells his Empire
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Oil Drake
back
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Home Insurance Building 1885 Chicago Louis
Sullivan
back
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Biggest Mergers in US History
back
GTE Bell Atlantic
JP Morgan Chase Bank One
Proctor Gamble and Gillette
AOL Time Warner
Bank of America NationsBank
ATT Broadband / Comcast
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• What is the chief end (goal) of man? to get
  rich! In what way? dishonestly if we can
  honestly if we must.
• Mark Twain, 1871
• my country, is of thee, Once land of liberty,
  Of thee I sing. Land of the millionaire Farmers
  with pockets bare Caused by the cursed snare
  The Money Ring.
• Alliance Songster, 1890
• There are many humorous things in the world,
  among them the white mans notion that he is less
  savage than the other savages.
• Mark Twain
• Its all a matter of perspective!!!

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• 5. How did big business owners justify their
  wealth?
• Social Darwinism extension of Charles Darwins
  survival of the fittest theory of evolution if
  left alone by govt. the best businesses will
  survive (natural selection) justification for
  laissez-faire economy.
• Gospel of Wealth Wealth was a sign of Gods
  favor, those who had it had a Christian duty to
  share it give back to society charity.
• Philanthropy
• Andrew Carnegie gave away 350,000,000 to est.
  Carnegie Foundation, libraries, colleges and
  universities
• John D. Rockefeller gave away 500,000,000 to
  est. Rockefeller Foundation, University of
  Chicago, medical institute
• Bill Gates Gates Foundation promotes world
  health research and education
• Why do they do it?

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• This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of
  Wealth First, to set an example of modest,
  unostentatious living, shunning display or
  extravagance to provide moderately for the
  legitimate wants of those dependent upon him and
  after doing so to consider all surplus revenues
  which come to him simply as trust funds, which he
  is called upon to administer, and strictly bound
  as a matter of duty to administer in the manner
  which, in his Judgment, is best calculated to
  produce the most beneficial results for the
  communitythe man of wealth thus becoming the
  mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren,
  bringing to their service his superior wisdom,
  experience, and ability to administer, doing for
  them better than they would or could do for
  themselves. . . .
• Andrew Carnegie. "Wealth," North American Review,
  CXLVIII (June. 1889). 661-662.

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• According to Carnegie, what is the duty of
  wealthy people?
• to produce the most beneficial results for the
  community
• What is this called?
• Who are the poorer brethren to whom Carnegie
  refers?
• Who might disagree with Carnegies philosophy?
• 5. What if not enough people accept Carnegies
  philosophy?

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• Factory workers, immigrants, farmers, African
  Americans, women, children had to
• Stand up for themselves
• or
• Get help from other people
• or
• get help from the government!
• PROGRESSIVES!

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Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and
the lives of workers

• Essential Question How can people without power
  protect themselves?

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The Labor Movement

• What is a labor union?
• An organization of wage earners formed to
  represent the interests of its members against
  the interests of business owners.
• Why did workers begin to unionize in the 1800s?
• Skilled workers and craftsmen were replaced by
  machines and unskilled workers (mechanization and
  specialization)
• Most common demands higher wages, shorter work
  hours, better working conditions
• National Trades Union (1834 -1837)

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• 3. What strategies were incorporated by labor
  unions to get their demands met? What was the
  most effective tactic?
• Collective bargaining legal negotiation between
  labor and management
• Mediation Mediator recommends solution
• Arbitration arbitrator mandates settlement
  (usually favored management)
• Usually ended badly for workers because mediators
  and arbitrators were influenced by business
  owners
• Strike work stoppage intended to force
  employers to meet demands (most effective tactic)

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• 4. What would business owners do to prevent or
  stop strikes?
• employers often preempted strikes with Lockouts
  wouldnt let workers return until they gave in
• Blacklists employers shared names of pro-union
  workers and refused to hire anyone on the list
• Yellow-dog contracts workers had to agree NOT
  to join a union before they got hired
• Private guards / Pinkertons were used to spy on
  workers and break up union activities/meetings
• Courts almost always sided with big businesses
  issued court injunctions to end strikes order
  workers back to work

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• 5. Name the 5 most significant labor unions of
  the labor movement.
• Knights of Labor 1869 open to all equal pay
  for equal work
• American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886 joined
  many craft unions together only for skilled
  workers successful strikes for higher wages and
  shorter workweek
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Wobblies
  1905 unskilled workers advocated socialism
  and radical tactics
• American Railway Union (ARU) 1894 skilled AND
  unskilled workers successful strike for higher
  wages
• International Ladies Garment Workers 1909
  Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire improved
  workers conditions
• 6. Who were the three leading figures in the
  American labor movement of the late 19th century,
  and with what organization was each associated?
• Terence Powderly Uriah Stephens Knights of
  Labor
• Samuel Gompers AFL led several successful
  strikes
• Eugene V. Debs ARU strong supporter of
  Socialism most famous labor leader ran for
  president multiple times

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• 7. Why did most Americans fear the Socialist
  views of Eugene V. Debs and the Wobblies?
• Most workers and labor unions preferred MODERATE
  methods and changes to improve conditions
• Some Socialists promoted RADICAL changes to
  capitalist economic system government control
  of businesses and equal distribution of wealth
• Socialists and Wobblies (IWW) often advocated
  violent takeovers of businesses intentionally
  turned strikes into riots

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• 8. What event most caused the general public to
  turn against the labor movement? Why?
• Haymarket Square Riot Chicago May 4, 1886
• Protest of police brutality at McCormick
  Harvester plant
• Bomb killed 7 police shots fired chaos ensued
• 8 convicted of inciting riot 4 hung to death

As more strikes ended in violence labor movement
lost public sympathy and were perceived as
lawless barbarians
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Bad Working Conditions
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Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire
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• Goal 5.3 - Labor Unions
• GROUP POSTER ACTIVITY
•  
• Group Tasks
• Runner get materials for group work (listed
  below), use tape to hang up poster
• Designer draw poster layout and write
  information on poster
• Researcher Use textbook to find necessary
  information for poster (pp.453-455)
• Artist Produce illustration(s) that depicts
  significant events or aspects of the strike
•  
• Required Materials
• 1 piece chart paper
• 2 or 3 Markers
• Ruler
• Text book
• Labor Movement Strikes Chart (handout)
•  
• INSTRUCTIONS
• Send runner to front table to get materials for
  poster.
• Research necessary information for assigned Labor
  Strike, and write info. on chart.

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• Name of Strike

DATE PLACE
PARTICIPANTS
Picket Sign Slogan
Picture of Strike
ISSUES / DEMANDS
ENDING RESULTS
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Immigration?

• How many of you moved to Charlotte from another
  town, state, or country?
• Why?
• From Where?
• 2012 Election Results

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From Where?
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tarantella
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Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid
industrialization on urban life.

• This immigrant family has just stepped off the
  boat at Ellis Island in 1890. Where do you think
  they came from, and why do you think they came to
  the United States?
  
• Italy (southern and eastern Europe)
  push poverty, political unrest,
  religious persecution pull land of
  opportunity
• Why did they only bring a small bundle of luggage
  and the clothes on their backs?
• Poor, strict limits on cargo in steerage
• 3. Who can they turn to for help in New York
  City?
• Family members, fellow countrymen, factories,
  political bosses (William Boss Tweed) Slide 6

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Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid
industrialization on urban life.

• 4. What types of jobs will be available to
  them?
• lowest paying factories, maid, shoe-shine boy,
  paperboy, thief
• 5. Where would this family likely live in NYC?
  Slide 7
• ethnic enclaves, slums, ghettos, Tenement
  Houses
• 6. How would these immigrants likely be treated
  by most Americans?
• Very badly, bad jobs, mistrusted, mistreated
• NATIVISM Nativism
• The American Party (1854) The
  Know-Nothing Party
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 1st
  immigration restrictions
• Gentlemens Agreement (1907) Japan agreed to
  limit emigration of unskilled workers

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• 3. Who can they turn to for help in New York
  City?
• Family
• Fellow countrymen
• Factory owners
• Political Bosses
• Slide 4

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• 5. Where would this family likely live in NYC?
• Ethnic enclaves (p.469)
• Slums
• ghettos
• Tenement Houses
• Dumbbell Tenements
• Slide 5

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1st Class passengers The Titanic
3rd Class passengers Steerage
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BACK
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back
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Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid
industrialization on urban life.
Europeans comprised more than 90 of the
immigrants to the U.S. during the 19th century,
and even as recently as early 1960s, still
accounted for more than 50. Latin America and
Asia are now the dominant sources of immigrants
to the U.S.
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Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid
industrialization on urban life.
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From 1890 to 1920 the New Immigrants came from
southern and eastern Europe Russia, Italy,
Austria-Hungary, Germany
back
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Old Immigrants
New Immigrants
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NativismSlide 5
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Ellis Island