Transformation of Urban America

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Transformation of Urban America

• Chapter 19
• AP US History

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• What led to the rise of urban America?

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Push/Pull Factors

• PUSH
• Revolution
• Pogroms
• Massacres
• Persecution
• Famine
• Low Wages
• Land

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Push/Pull Factors

• PULL
• Jobs women and men looking for work
• Modern Transportation
• Wages lure of economic opportunities
• Land
• Shelter
• Social Opportunities/Social Mobility
• Freedom
• Safety

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QUESTION?

• Does America have a duty to keep its doors open
  to the world?
• Is continued economic growth in America dependent
  upon immigrant labor?
• Who is to be held responsible for the increase in
  illegal immigration?

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Changing Face of Immigration

• 1815 1860
• 10 million Northern European Immigrants
• 3 million Germans
• 2 million English, Scottish, and Welsh
• 1.5 Irish
• 1890-1920
• 18 million new immigrants
• Peasants from Southern and Eastern Europe

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Why did these immigrants come to the United
States?

• Overpopulation
• Rapid Industrialization
• America Land of Opportunity
• Give me your tired, your wretched/ Your huddled
  masses yearning to breath free/ The wretched
  refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the
  homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp
  beside the golden door!"
• Crop failure/Famine
• Persecution of minorities in Europe
• Make money and return home (25)

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Ellis Island Location
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Ellis Island Processing
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Ellis Island Processing
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Processing in Ellis Island
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The Inspection

• A. Each immigrant was given a 2 minute medical
  inspection and asked 32 background questions.
• B. The experience was humiliating and
  dehumanizing and immigrants were tagged according
  to language.
• C. Difficult last names were often changed by
  inspectors. Examples Jaroszewicz and Mikolajczyk.

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Physical Inspection
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Physical Inspection
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Treatments of Immigrants

• A. Oldcomer vs. Newcomer. Before 1880, 85 of
  immigrants came from W. Europe and were
  Protestant.
• B. After 1880, an increase in numbers from
  Ireland and E. Europe and were Catholic and
  Jewish.
• C. Immigrants were uneducated, unskilled and
  discriminated against.
• D. Fierce job competition among immigrants, i.e.
  Italians and Irish.
• E. Created ethnic neighborhoods for protections
  and survival.

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Urbanization

• A. Settled in big cities, industrial centers and
  port cities.
• B. Five-cents-a-spots lodging. Illegal and
  unsafe.
• C. Conditions were dirty, uncomfortable, and
  life threatening.
• D. Example 1231 people in a 120 room tenement
  house. A single bathtub for 3 city blocks of
  people.

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Five Cent Housing
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Life for Immigrants

• Lived near others of same ethnicity
• Crowded conditions
• Struggled to maintain culture

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Chinese Immigration

• Burlingame Treaty (1868)
• Came to work
• Gender imbalance
• Highest percentage to move home
• REACTION TO CHINESE
• Workingmens Party of California Kearny
• Chinese Exclusion Act

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Economic and Social Opportunities for all
Americans

• Commercial Districts grow
• More Jobs
• Lure of entertainment and amenities
• New Frontier for women

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How did urban transportation networks change
cities?
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The First Urban NetworkThe Horse Car

• 15,000 horse deaths
• Horse droppings
• Moved to the electric car.

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Result of Urban Networks

• Wealthy moved
• Poor relocated

How does this picture illustrate white flight?
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Four Main Classes Emerge

• Super Wealthy (nouveau riche)
• Wealthy
• Middle Class
• Working Class

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City life different from small town life

• Hours changed
• Neighbor relationships
• Ethnic communities
• Conditions worse
• Rampant Crime
• Unsanitary Conditions
• Poor Housing Dumbell Tenement

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Why did so many young women move to cities?

• Growing commercialization on farms
• Factories needed women

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How did industrialization change womens role in
society?

• Real labor gained a market value seen as
  mans work.
• Female tasks were demeaned
• Household more connected to women and leisure.
• Caste emerged among women workers

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View the following pictures and think about what
life would be like for immigrants and the poor in
urban cities.
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Tenement Yard. Photo by Jacob Riis
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                                         Tenement
Housing, New York City. Photo by Jacob Riis
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Chicago Tenement. Photo by Lewis Hine
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Child Labor
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Textile Mills
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Rise of Eugenics

• Science of eugenics heredity determined
  cultural and social patterns.
• Selective human breeding would advance
  civilization.
• Eugenics provided scientific proof that
  inferiors were causing Americas social
  problems.