Title: WORLD WAR I
1- UNIT 13
- WORLD WAR I
- THE WAR TO END ALL WARS
2What caused this war?
- There are four M.A.I.N. causes of World War I
- Militarism
- The belief that a nation needs a large military
force. - Major build up of armies and navies led to
threats that caused tensions among neighbors - Alliances
- Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire, and Bulgaria - Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia,
Serbia and others - Imperialism
- Competition over gaining colonies and
resources!!! - Nationalism
- Placed countries interests above all other
concerns - Some ethnic groups hoped to form their own
nations.
3Nationalism Continued
- Nationalism can bring nations together but it can
also be a major source of conflict. - Russia The largest Slavic country encouraged
Pan-Slavism (tried to draw together all Slavic
peoples) - Serbia wanted to participate in Pan-Slavism.
(Serbia declared in 1878 and wanted to ally with
Russia.) - Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national
movements. - What is going on with the city of Sarajevo?
- Thus intense animosity between Serbia and
Austria-Hungary - Thus setting the stage for the catalyst of World
War I.
4Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand, died wearing
this uniform in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914
5The Spark
- Archduke Franz Ferdinands Assassination
- Sarajevo, (Bosnia) Austria-Hungary
- Gavrilo Princip
- The Black Hand
- The Next Slide will provide details
6- It seemed like a bad idea for Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand to make a trip to Bosnian city of
Sarajevo. - After all, Austria had taken over Bosnia just six
years earlier, and many Bosnians were still
bitterly opposed to Austrian rule. - Bosnia happened to be home to many Serbs (from
Serbiawhich is located just south of Austria
Hungary) - Furthermore, they chose the worst day to announce
a visit, A Serbian festive holiday - Gavrilo Princip, a member of a Serbian national
group, (The Black Hand) will get a second
opportunity at becoming the notorious figure who
fires the first bullet of WWI.
Artstetten Castle, just outside of Vienna
7The Ottoman Empire and The Balkan Region
- Nationalistic Feelings had caused periodic waves
of violence against Armenians. - Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians
for a couple of reasons - Turks believed they supported Russia against the
Ottoman Empire - Many Armenians protested against oppressive
Ottoman policies - The Result
- Turks unleash a massacre on the Armenians. How
bad? - Over 1 million Armenians would be murdered
- (1915-1923)
- The Ottoman Empire was on the decline
- Before it had a stronghold on the Balkan nations,
but over time, control had weakened. - Many of the territories in the Balkans wanted to
declare their independence. - Other nations wanted a piece of the crumbling
empire like a buffet - The Armenian Genocide
88 Steps to WarNot to be confused with the 8 Fold
Path ?
- Ferdinand assassinated (This became the final
straw between Austria-Hungary and Serbia) - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
- Russia (Serbias Ally) mobilizes its troops for
war - Germany (Austria-Hungarys Ally) declares war on
Russia - Germany declares war on France (Russias Ally)
and prepares to invade Belgium - Britain, who pledged to protect Belgium, declares
war against Germany - Austria-Hungary declares war against Russia
- France and Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary
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10Time to Show Off our Industrialized Stuff
- New technologies changed warfare forever.
- Many of the recent inventions
- Internal combustion engine
- Airplane
- Communications devices
- Automatic machine guns
- Poison gas
- Advancements in submarine warfare
- The tank (though the tank appears in World War I,
it doesnt play the significant role it will in
WWII)
11The Schlieffen Plan Overview In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely. If war broke out, Germany assumed France would also attack as she was both an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for her defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. If this happened, Germany would face a war on two fronts. Germany wanted to avoid this at all costs. Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia. This was the basis for the Schlieffen Plan.
- The Germany Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von
Schlieffen was asked to plan a way of preventing
a war on two fronts. His initial plan was
produced late in 1905. He believed that it was a
priority to defeat France quickly, forcing them
to surrender before Russia had a chance to
mobilize her armed forces.
12Trench Warfare
- Trenches were dug where troops huddled at the
bottom. - For more than three years, the battle lines
almost remained unchanged - When soldiers did leave the trenches they were
subjected to heavy artillery and clouds of
poisonous gas
13Key Battles on the Western Front
- Battle of Verdun
- The longest battle of the war
- 10 months long!
- Germans wanted to lead an assault on the French
fortress of Verdun. - The goal was to cripple the morale of the French
by taking the famed fortress (history dates all
the way back Roman times) - Nearly 1 million casualties between them
- However, not much was accomplished in terms of
advancement.
BLOODY VERDUN
14Key Battles on the Western Front
- Battle of the Somme
- WWIs deadliest Battle
- Over 1.2 million casualties
- Despite the losses, the allies only gained
approximately 7 miles! - British launch their own attack with the
intentions of pulling the Germans from Verdun
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17Knights of the Sky
- The New Knights - The ACE
- A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator
credited with shooting down five or more enemy
aircraft, during aerial combat. - Oswald Boelcke
- Over 40 kills for Germany Appeared in every
major publication - Despite the success of Boelcke, his protégé was
the one man you did NOT WANT to see in the skies - Manfred Von Richtoffen (The Red Baron) had over
80 kills - Frances top pilot was Rene Fonck with 75
- Eddie Rickenbacher finished with 26
18Red Baron Pizza
- In 1915, Richthofen was assigned to the flying
service by his request. Throughout his career,
Richthofen would often wake up minutes before he
was to take flight too late for a pre-flight
meal. - Engineers eventually fastened an aluminum plate
to the plane, just inches above the engine to
create a cooking surface. The cooks at the
airfield prepared pizzas and froze them for him.
When Richthofen woke up, he would dress, grab a
frozen pizza, and then rush out to his plane. - Once he was at the plane, Richthofen would place
the frozen pizza on the aluminum plate and take
off for his mission. Four and a half minutes
later, Richthofen would enjoy a crisp supreme
pizza. - Although Richthofen enjoyed the supreme pizza, it
was Meat-Trio that was his favorite. - During the 1970s, the Schwan Food Company learned
of Richthofens routine and became enamored with
the story. They began selling pizza to schools
under the name of Red Baron pizza.
19Americas Path to War
- Woodrow Wilson
- He kept us out of war
- U-boats and submarine warfare by the Germans
- The Lusitania 1,198 people dead (128 Americans)
- Why?
- Final Blow
- Zimmerman Telegram
- Proposal to Mexico to ally with Germany
- Incentive for Mexico?
- To get back territory it had lost earlier to the
US
20U.S. Entry in WWI
- Why Neutral?
- U.S. wasnt ready for war. Needed a draft. (The
Selective Service Act) - Women served in the military for the 1st time in
American history - Fate-Destiny? Russians will be bowing out of
the war? - Why?
- Revolution?
- Had it not been for the United States, the
outcome of the War may have been drastically
different.
21The Russian Revolution
- Leader of Russia in 1914 is the Czar, Nicholas II
- Russia is in economic chaos
- Food Shortages, riots, soaring inflation added to
the hostility - People were beginning to blame Nicholas II.
- Nicholas II thought the war would rally the
citizens behind their government - As Nicholas II anticipated, people did line up to
join the military - However numerous problems would arise setting the
stage for a recipe for revolution
22The Recipe
- The military was ill equipped
- The factories could not produce the ammunition
fast enough - Russian army sustaining heavy losses despite
fighting a smaller German army - This led to the Czar wanting to take control of
the military. - The problem is the Czar understood literally
nothing about military matters - So Nicholas II set off to advise the military in
person. - Problem He leaves his unpopular wife, Czarina
Alexandra in control of the country - She would rely on the advice of Grigory Rasputin
A self proclaimed holy man and healer whom the
Russians viewed as corrupt and immoral. - Eventually by the end of 1916, a new regime will
rise to take over
231916 Rasputin murdered Grigory Rasputin, a
self-fashioned Russian holy man, is murdered by
Russian nobles eager to end his sway over the
royal family. Rasputin won the favor of Czar
Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra through his
ability to stop the bleeding of their hemophiliac
son, Alexei. Although the Siberian-born peasant
was widely criticized for his lechery and
drunkenness, he exerted a powerful influence on
the ruling family of Russia.
He particularly influenced the czarina, and when
Nicholas departed to lead Russian forces in World
War I, Rasputin effectively ruled Russia through
her. In the early hours of December 30, 1916, a
group of nobles lured Rasputin to Yusupovsky
Palace, where they attempted to poison him.
Seemingly unaffected by the large doses of poison
placed in his wine and food, he was finally shot
at close range and collapsed. A minute later he
rose, beat one of his assailants, and attempted
to escape from the palace grounds, where he was
shot again. Rasputin, still alive, was then bound
and tossed into a freezing river. A few months
later, the imperial regime was overthrown by the
Russian Revolution.
24- The Czar would be overthrown by a provisional
government (emergency/temporary government.) - Then that government will be overthrown Wait a
minute say that again?... - Yes. A 2nd Overthrow. This time by a group
called the Bolsheviks. - The Bolshevik Revolution
- But First The Background
25Marxist SocialismThe Roots of Communism
- 1848- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The
Communist Manifesto - History was a class struggle between wealthy
capitalist and the working class (proletariat) - In order to make profits, the capitalist took
advantage of the proletariat - The proletariat would eventually rise up and
overthrow the capitalist system, creating their
own society - The proletariat society would take control of the
means of production and establish a classless,
communist society, in which wealth and power
would be equally shared - Thus the ideas behind The Communist Manifesto,
would become the backbone of the Bolshevik
Revolution
26The Bolshevik Revolution
- Socialism and communism are both economic systems
(the production, distribution, and use of wealth)
that require that goods be owned in common,
instead of privately. - The difference between the two systems is in the
fact that socialism covers a wide range of
political systems, including communism, whereas
communism is a strict interpretation of
socialism. - While socialism advocates communal ownership of
industry, it does so in two ways either in the
form of state ownership or else in the form of
ownership by the workers themselves. - Communism, on the other hand, allows for only one
form of the communal endeavor state ownership
through a small group of political elite. - Communism also goes one step further than
socialism in that the Communist state not only
controls the economy, but all areas of society.
The former Soviet Union is an example of...
- Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky will lead the
Revolution - They both adopted Marxs thoughts but adapted
them to fit Russia. - The Difference between Socialism and Communism
- Promises Peace, Land, and Bread the end to
war - The Bolsheviks will be later called communists.
- Communism - a political system in which the
government owns key parts of the economy and
there is no private property (China, Korea, Cuba,
Laos, Vietnam) - Lenin withdraws Russia from the war
- Signs the Brest-Litovsk Treaty giving a large
amount of Western Russia to Germany - Lenin is able to stay in power with the
assistance of The Cheka - Why would Russia being out of the war create a
major concern for the allied powers?
27Communism Socialism Capitalism
28Costs of the War
- World War I became a war of attrition, or a war
based on wearing the other side down by constant
attacks and heavy losses. - Germany is forced to sign an armistice
(cease-fire) - About 8.5 million soldiers died in this war
- Nearly 21 million were wounded
- 13 million civilians died
- War cost nations about 332 billion dollars!
29Treaty of Versailles
- World War One ended at 11am on 11th November
1918. - In 1919 The Big Four met
- David Lloyd George of England
- Vittorio Orlando of Italy
- George Clemenceau of France
- Woodrow Wilson from the US
- Met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay
for the damage world war one had caused.
30Treaty of Versailles
- One harsh punishment
- Military Clauses
- Army - was to be reduced to 100,000 men and no
tanks were allowed - Navy - Germany was only allowed 6 ships and no
submarines - Air Force - Germany was not allowed an air force
- Rhineland - The Rhineland area was to be kept
free of German military personnel and weapons - Territorial Clauses
- Anschluss - Germany was not allowed to unite with
Austria. - Colonies would be controlled by the League of
Nations - Economic Clauses
- Germany will be forced to make reparations, or
payments to the nations that won the war
31Wilsons 14 Points (The First Seven)
- Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret
treaties between powers - Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in
both peace and war - Free Trade - The barriers to trade between
countries such as custom duties should be removed
- Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should
reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible
levels - Colonies - People in European colonies should
have a say in their future - Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate
whatever government it wanted and that government
should be accepted, supported and welcomed. - Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and
restored to the situation before the war.
32Wilsons 14 Points (The Second Seven)
- 8. France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any
lands taken away during the war restored. - Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted
according to nationality - National Self -Determination - The national
groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be
given their independence. - Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be
evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet to the
sea - Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say
in their future - Poland - Poland should become an independent
state with an outlet to the sea. - League of Nations - An assembly of all nations
should be formed to protect world peace in the
future.
33Versailles Nuggets
- Germany expected a treaty based on these fourteen
points. - However, negotiations between the 'big four' did
not go smoothly. - Wilson believed that his fourteen points was the
only way to secure everlasting peace. - The French however, wanted the defeated nations
to be punished severely and believed Wilson's
plan too lenient. - Privately Lloyd George sided with Wilson
- However, the British public, like Clemenceau,
wanted Germany punished severely. - Lloyd George knew that if he sided with Wilson he
would lose the next election.
34The Aftermath or WWI
- In the aftermath of World War I, the political
order of Europe came crashing to the ground. - The German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires
ceased to exist, and the Ottoman Empire soon
followed them into oblivion. - New nations emerged, borders were radically
shifted, and ethnic conflicts erupted. - Victors and vanquished alike faced an enormous
recovery challenge after four years of financial
loss, economic deprivation, and material
destruction. - Amid this chaotic situation, the leaders of the
victorious coalition assembled in Paris to forge
a new international system that would replace the
old order. - The decisions they made would determine the
future of Europe, and much of the rest of the
world, for decades to come.
35Modern Warfare
36New Nations Emerge
After WWI
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38END NUGGETS
- When Marshal Foch of France learned of the
Versailles Treaty's contents, he reportedly
complained, This is not peace. It is an
armistice for twenty years. - As it turned out, he was uncannily accurate in
his prediction of when humanity would be plunged
into a second world war. - World War II was a conflict that would surpass
its predecessor in the number of deaths and
injuries, the extent of physical destruction, and
the geographical area affected. - The terrible experiences of World War II have
tended to overshadow the memory of the war that
broke out in the summer of 1914. - But World War I unquestionably represented a
major turning point in history, and its
consequences are still felt throughout the world.