Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution
2
Late 18c French Economic Advantages

• Napoleonic Code.
• French communal law.
• Free contracts
• Open markets
• Uniform clear commercial regulations
• Standards weights measures.
• Established technical schools.
• The government encouraged honored inventors
  inventions.
• Bank of France ? European model providing a
  reliable currency.

3
French Economic Disadvantages

• Years of war
• Supported the American Revolution.
• French Revolution.
• Early 19c ? Napoleonic Wars
• Heavy debts.
• High unemployment ? soldiers returning from the
  battlefronts.
• French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

4
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
5
Industrial England "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
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The Enclosure Movement
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Enclosed Lands Today
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Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
• Puddling 1820 pig iron.
• Hot blast 1829 cheaper, purer steel.
• Bessemer process 1856 strong, flexible steel.

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Coalfields Industrial Areas
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
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British Pig Iron Production
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Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
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Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile Factory Workers in England
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British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
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Young Bobbin-Doffers
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Jacquards Loom
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New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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The Power Loom
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James Watts Steam Engine
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Steam Tractor
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Steam Ship
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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Later Locomotives
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The Impact of the Railroad
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The Great Land Serpent
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Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
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Crystal Palace Interior Exhibits
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Crystal PalaceBritish Ingenuity on Display
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Crystal PalaceAmerican Pavilion
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The Great Exhibition

• London, 1851 worlds first industrial fair
• Crystal Palace
• 6 million visitors in 6 months
• Human domination over nature
• Prince Albert, man is approaching a more
  complete fulfillment of that great and sacred
  mission which he has to perform in this worldto
  conquer nature to his usewe are accomplishing
  the will of the great and blessed God.
• Britain workshop, banker, and trader of the
  world

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Inventions of the 19th century

• Battery
• Gas lighting
• steam-powered locomotive
• tin can
• Photography
• stethoscope
• Cement
• electromagnet
• matches
• typewriter
• sewing machine
• ice machine
• mechanical calculator

• Revolver
• telegraph
• postage stamp
• Morse code
• Rubber vulcanization
• bicycle
• hydrogen fuel cell
• blueprints
• stapler
• antiseptics
• pasteurisation
• internal combustion engine
• Plastic
• Machine gun

• dynamite
• telephone
• First moving pictures
• phonograph
• Light bulb
• metal detector
• mechanical cash register
• dishwasher
• radar
• contact lenses
• escalator
• zipper
• vacuum cleaner

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The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
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19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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Upstairs/Downstairs Life
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The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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Peppered Moth
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c London by Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
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The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Private Charities Soup Kitchens
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Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
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Protests / Reformers
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The Luddites 1811-1816
Attacks on the frames power looms.
Ned Ludd a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest
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The Luddite Triangle
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Peterloo Massacre, 1819
BritishSoldiers Fire on BritishWorkersLet
us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!
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The Chartists
Key
        Chartistsettlements
         Centres of Chartism
      Area of plug riots, 1842
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The Peoples Charter

• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
• Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the
  inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

• Votes for all men.
• Equal electoral districts.
• Abolition of the requirement that Members of
  Parliament MPs be property owners.
• Payment for Members of Parliament.
• Annual general elections.
• The secret ballot.

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The Chartists
A female Chartist
A physical force-Chartists arming for the fight.
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Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

• Give manufactures more outlets for their
  products.
• Expand employment.
• Lower the price of bread.
• Make British agriculture more efficient and
  productive.
• Expose trade and agriculture to foreign
  competition.
• Promote international peace through trade
  contact.

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New Ways of Thinking
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Thomas Malthus

• Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
• War, disease, or faminecould control population.
• The poor should have less children.
• Food supply will then keep up with population.

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David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages.
• When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
• More children create alarge labor surplus
  thatdepresses wages.

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The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham John Stuart
Mill

• The goal of society is the greatest good for the
  greatest number.
• There is a role to play for government
  intervention to provide some social safety net.

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Jeremy Bentham
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The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias.

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Economic Difficulties

• European farming suffers due to farming outside
  of Europe BUT
• Cost of consumer goods falls
• Several lg. banks fail SO
• industrial stagnation in some areas BUT
• standard of living keeps increasing
• Unemployment, strikes support growth of unions,
  labor and socialist parties

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British Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created
by Industrialization
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Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 to
  raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions
• Factory Act 1833 child labour
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief.
• Poor houses.
• Reform Bill 1832 broadens thevote for the
  cities.

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British Reform Bill of 1832
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British Reform Bills
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The Results of Industrialization at the end of
the 19th century
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By 1850 Zones of Industrializationon the
European Continent

• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• Western German states.
• Northern Italy
• East Germany ? Saxony

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Industrialization By 1850
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Railroads on the Continent
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Share in World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900
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The Politics of Industrialization

• State ownership of some industries.
• RRs ? Belgium most of Germany.
• Tariffs ? British Corn Laws.
• National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank
  notes.
• Bank of England.
• Bank of France.
• Companies required to register with the
  government publish annual budgets.
• New legislation to
• Establish limited liability.
• Create rules for the formation of corporations.
• Postal system.
• Free trade zones ? Ger. Zollverein