Europe and North America

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Chapter 15

• Europe and North America
• 1945-Present

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15.0 Beginnings of the Cold War

• Problems of Peace
• The question of how to rebuild Europe after WWII
  created tension between the Allies
• Germany would be split into four temporary zones
  of occupation
• The Soviet Union controlled about 1/3, US, France
  and Britain each had a zone.
• The capital Berlin was located deep in the Soviet
  Union zone, but was also divided into four zones,
  one for each country.

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Nuremberg Trials(1945-1949)

• Allied military court
• Dozen Nazi military leaders tried for crimes
  committed during WWII.
• Some Nazis executed for the Holocaust
• Germany paid reparations for the war damage,
• Soviet Union got the most money
• had most damage.

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The Conflict Worsens

• Soviet Union Communism
• Britain, US and France Democratic
• US leaders worried Soviet would expand their
  power.
• Cold War-a post WWII era of open hostility and
  high tension between the US and the Soviet Union.
• Struggle between two different economic systems,
  forms of govts, and lifestyles.
• Winston Churchill called this the iron curtain,
  a division over Eastern Europe.

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Combating Communism

• In 1947, US gave to Greece and Turkey, both
  were threatened by Communism.
• Truman Doctrine (1947)-US pledge to provide
  economic and military aid to oppose the spread of
  communism.
• Buying Democracy?
• Marshall Plan-a massive program of US economic
  aid to help Western Europe make a rapid recovery
  from the war and remain politically stable.
• 13 billion in aid

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Cold War Confrontations

• Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
• containment of communism.
• Western leaders wanted a democratic German nation
  from their 3 zones.
• Wanted democracy in West Berlin
• 1948 Soviet blockade
• prevented any all supplies (food)from entering
  Berlin.
• Berlin airlift-a massive effort to supply West
  Berlin by air after the Soviet power in Europe.
• Lasted a year

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Allied Berlin Airlifts
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Military Alliances

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1949)
• US, Canada, 9 European countries
• Attack on one, attack on all. Alliances
• Warsaw Pact (1955) USSR 7 satellites
• Propaganda War
• Posters to influence peoples viewpoint
• Cold War lasted for 40 years

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NATO Countries
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NATO Warsaw Pact Members
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15.1 War in Korea

• After Japans surrender the Allies gained Korea.
• Soviet Union and US agreed to temporarily divide
  country.
• 38th parallel
• North Korea Communist (Soviet Union)
• South Korea-non-Communist (US)

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Attack Begins

• June 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea
• Goal become a united communist country.
• US asked United Nations for help
• Protect South Korea,
• Pres. Dwight Eisenhower Well have a dozen
  Koreas soon if we dont take a firm stand.
• Domino Theory
• UN soldiers (17 nations)
• mostly American went to Korea.

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Attack Continues

• North Korea nearly conquered the South within a
  matter of months.
• US attacked back behind enemy lines
• Surprise attack
• Gained more land back
• Soon push North Korea way back.
• Communist China got involved
• sent forces
• drove UN troops back down south

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End of Korean War

• 1951 stalemate
• 1953 both sides agreed to an armistice.
• After three years of fighting
• 4 million casualties
• Little changed
• North Korea remained Communist
• South Korea ally of West (US)
• Tensions grew higher between US and Soviet Union
• Present Day-North Korea built up nuclear
  weapons, not open to the outside world, very
  communist.

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Korean War Memorial
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15.2 Superpower Rivalries

• Arms Race Begins
• The Soviet Union and US competed to develop
  superior weapons
• 1949-Soviet Union tested atomic bomb
• 1952 US developed hydrogen bomb
• Less than a year later the Soviets done same
  thing
• Spying?
• Deterrence- development/or maintenance of
  military power to deter/prevent attack.
• Both nations built missiles that could carry
  nuclear weapons.

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Space Race

• Sputnik (1957)
• Worlds first satellite,
• Soviets.
• US
• created NASA
• Fear of nuclear war affected American society
• People built bomb shelters
• schools led air-raid drills
• books and movies about nuclear war.
• The Red Scare (1940s/50s)
• fear of communism invading the US

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Cold War Around the World

• Vietnam
• communist rebels fought the French
• The rebels wanted to regain control over their
  territory in Southeast Asia.
• US gets involved for years
• Rebels win-Vietnam divided
• North Vietnam Communist
• South Vietnam not

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Cold War Around the World

• Germany
• German citizens began crossing from the Communist
  East into the democratic West.
• 1,000 people crossed daily.
• East Germany built the Berlin Wall (1961)

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Cold War and Cuba

• Fidel Castro leader of Cuba
• Friends with the Soviet Union.
• US upset to close for comfort
• 1961 Bay of Pigs- Cubans trained by the US tried
  to overthrow the govt-FAILED
• 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis- US leaders learned
  about Soviet missiles in Cuba.
• 13 days of tense negotiations
• Soviets removed weapons.

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15.3 Changing Societies

• North America
• Postwar WWII America grew rapidly.
• 1970s high inflation and unemployment
• Companies struggles to compete with overseas
  companies.
• GI Bill (Veterans)
• buy homes and pay for college

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US 1960s/1970s

• Martin Luther King Jr. used nonviolence to expose
  racial inequalities
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• These victories for African Americans fueled the
  Womens movement later.
• 1960s fueled a counterculture
• a rebellion of young people against mainstream
  society/Govt.
• Hippies/Woodstock

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Western Europe

• The USs Marshall Plan helped Western Europe
  recover after WWII
• The nations of Western Europe worked to end their
  rivalries and band together.
• NATO members that were once rivals protected each
  other.
• The European Economic Community and the European
  Free Trade Association aided economic cooperation.

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Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

• Nikita Khrushchev took control after Stalins
  death in 1953.
• Soviets limited in their personal freedoms and
  hostility toward the West continued.
• 1960s-The Soviet economy slowed
• 1980s- industry/companies had grown too large for
  the govt to control

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Soviet Union in the 1980s

• Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985
• Glasnost- openness
• willingness to discuss the problems of the Soviet
  Union
• Perestroika restructuring
• the reform of the Soviet economic and political
  system
• In 1989 East Germany opened the gates of the
  Berlin Wall

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15.4 After the Cold War

• Fall of the Soviet Union
• Gorbachev lost power,
• Boris Yeltsin took over and wanted a capitalistic
  economy.
• Soviet govt stopped operating Dec. 31, 1991

• Yeltsin allowed people to own businesses and land
• However prices rose so much, that people couldnt
  afford things.

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Europe after Communism

• Violence throughout Europe
• Serbia used ethnic cleansing
• elimination of groups through killing or
  emigration.
• Fighting between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo.
• European Union (EU)
• 1992
• economic and political union among European
  nations.
• Euro-currency

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The United States

• 1990s
• strong economic growth and low unemployment
• Internet and dot-com companies
• Millions of dollars
• ended by 2000
• Threats in the Middle East.
• Saddam Hussein- dictator
• leader of Saudi Arabia
• invaded Kuwait in 1990
• US/UN invaded
• 1990 Persian Gulf War.
• Oil
• Hung in 2006 for crimes he committed in 1980s

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Terrorists Attacks

• Attacks on the US.
• Islamist group called al Qaeda,
• lead by Osama bin Laden
• Goals unite Muslims, destroy the United States.
• 9/11/01-most deadly terrorist attack
• planes hijacked, crashed into pentagon and World
  Trade Centers
• Towers destroyed 3,000 dead.
• 2001-US targeted the Taliban-(group protecting al
  Qaeda)
• March 2003- US invaded Iraq, looking for weapons
  of mass destruction (WMDs)
• Osama bin Laden found and killed in 2011

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We didnt start the fire

• Cold War Matching Game 1
• Cold War Matching Game 2
• Cold War Review