Peacetime Adjustments

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Peacetime Adjustments the Cold War

• The Cold War and the
• American Dream
• (1945-1960)
• Chapter 28, Section 1

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Essential Questions

• How can we achieve world peace?

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Post War Lay-Offs

• At the End of WWII, Most Factories Making War
  Goods Switched Back to Making Consumer Goods
• Factories Didnt Need as Many Workers/Some
  Factories Shut Down!
• Youre Fired!

4
Post War Jobs

• Over 10 Million War Veterans Returned Home
  Looking for Jobs!
• Female Workers were Fired to Give Jobs Back to
  Returning Veterans (Males)
• As the U.S. Economy Boomed Years Later, Women
  Will Go Back to Work
• Teachers
• Nurses
• Secretaries

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Fear of Post War Recession/Depression

• Why Do YOU Think Many Economists Americans
  Feared a Post War Depression?

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Post War Economic Boom!

• Americans Started Families
• Americans Got Married!
• The Baby Boom
• American Families Bought New Homes
• Bought Numerous Consumer Goods
• Americans Had to Spend (Men Women)
• Demand for Goods Increased
• The G.I. Bill of Rights
• Government Guaranteed Low Interest Loans for
  Housing for Veterans
• Created a Demand for New Houses

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Mass Production of Housing
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Unions During WWII

• During WWII, the U.S. Government Froze Wages
  (Salaries) and Prices of Goods!
• Unions Agreed Not to Go On Strike
• Why Not?

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Post War Strikes

• In 1946, the U.S. Government Un-Froze Wages and
  Prices
• Because of the Demand for Goods, Prices
  Skyrocketed Up
• Workers Salaries Barely Rose Workers Went on
  Strike
• Automakers
• Steel Workers
• Meat Packers
• Electricians
• Miners
• Railroad Workers

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1946 Railroad Strike?

• In 1946, Railroad Union Workers Threatened to Go
  on Strike
• Harry Truman Liked Unions, But Could Not Have a
  Railroad Strike!
• Why Can YOU Never Have a Transportation Strike?
• What Did He Threaten to do if Railroad Workers
  Went on Strike?

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Post War Equality?

• African Americans Were Sure Their WWII Service
  Would Grant Them More Rights!
• Nothing Changed!
• Jim Crow Laws, Segregation, Violence, the KKK
  Were Still Strong in the South!

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The Push for Civil Rights

• Harry Truman Pushed for 4 Things To Stop Racism
• Created a Commission on Civil Rights
• Issued an Executive Order to End Segregation in
  the Military
• Pushed for an Anti-Lynching Law in Congress
• Pushed to End the Poll Tax in Order to Vote
• Southerners in Congress Voted Against the
  Anti-Lynching Law Ending the Poll Tax
• Harry Truman Was the 1st President to Make Civil
  Rights a National Issue!

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The Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

• Hurt Unions! (Unions Were Growing Strong w/All of
  the 1946 Strikes!
• Gave President of the U.S. the Power to Require
  an 80 Day Cooling Off Period Before a Strike
  Takes Place
• Outlawed the Closed Shop
• A Workplace that Was Only Hiring Union Members

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1948 Presidential Election

• Democrat Harry S. Truman vs. Republican Thomas
  Dewey (NY)
• Dewey Was Favored to Win!
• Republicans Did the Best They Could to Block All
  of Trumans Ideas/Laws in Congress
• Truman Called the Republicans the Do-Nothing
  Congress!

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Cross Country Campaign Tour
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The Fair Deal

• Harry S. Truman Wins the 1948 Election!
• Truman Proposes the Fair Deal to Congress
• Extension of FDRs New Deal Policies
• Wanted New Public Works Projects to Create Jobs
• Build Public Housing
• End Racial Discrimination
• The Fair Deal Was a Failure!

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Multiple Choice

• What Type of Government Does the U.S. Have?
• What Type of Economy Does the U.S. Have?
• What is Capitalism?

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The Big 3 Allies
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Origins of the Cold War

• At the End of WWII, 2 Countries Emerged as Super
  Powers
• The United States
• The Soviet Union (USSR)
• Toughest Problem to Deal with Was How to Deal
  w/Eastern European Countries That Were Now Free!
• These Countries Were Freed by the Soviet Army

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Yalta Promises

• At the Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) the Big 3
  Agreed to
• U.S.S.R. Would Help the Allies Against Japan in
  the Pacific
• Creation of the United Nations
• Eastern European Countries Freed by the Soviets
  Would be Allowed to Vote for the Type of
  Government They Want
• What Did Stalin do Instead?

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U.S.S.R. Took Over Eastern Europe!
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Stalins Fears

• Joseph Stalin Feared that Free Elections Might
  Result in Democratic Countries!
• 27.5 Million Russians Died During WWII
• 7.5 Million Soldiers
• Over 20 Million Soviet Civilians
• Stalin Wanted a Buffer Zone to Make Sure the
  U.S.S.R. Couldnt be Invaded Again
• Created Communist Dictatorships in Eastern
  European Countries!

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United States Fears

• U.S. Western European Democratic Countries
  Feared the Soviet Union was Trying to Spread
  Communism World Wide!
• U.S. Wanted to Spread Democracy and Capitalism

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U.S. Fears
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The Cold War

• The United States vs. The Soviet Union
• A War to Stop the Spread of Each Sides Form of
  Government
• U.S. the U.S.S.R. Never Fired a Shot at Each
  Other (Sort of) Explain Later!
• Lasted From 1945-Early 1990s

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The Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchill Warned the World that, An Iron
  Curtain had been Cast on Europe
• Why Did Churchill Use that Metaphor?
• What Was Churchill Trying to Say?

39
Winston Churchill (1946)

• From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
  the continent. Behind that line lie all the
  states of Central and Eastern Europe All these
  populations lie in the Soviet sphere and all are
  subject not only to Soviet influence but to
  increasing control from Moscow.
• Winston Churchill, Iron Curtain Speech, Fulton
  Missouri

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Compare
46
Containment Policy

• Harry Trumans Containment Strategy Was to Stop
  the Spread of Communism World Wide
• United States Would Use Military and Non-Military
  Ways to Stop Communism!
• What Are Non-Military Ways?

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Truman Doctrine

• Harry Truman Promised that the United States
  Would Help ANY Country that Fought For Democracy!
• Goal was to Prevent Soviet Union From Taking Over
  Countries
• Greece Was the 1st Country We Helped!

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NATO

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Alliance of United States, Canada Western
  European (Democratic) Countries
• Whats the Problem with Alliances?

51
The Warsaw Pact

• In Response to the NATO Alliance, the Soviets
  Union Created the Warsaw Pact
• Alliance of the Soviet Union and Eastern European
  Countries
• What Are the Causes of World Wars?

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The Marshall Plan

• The United States Gave Over 13 Billion Dollars
  to Western and Southern European Countries
• Containment Policy/Truman Doctrine Stop the
  Spread of Communism
• Wanted to Rebuild/Revive Western Southern
  European Economies

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Post War Germany

• At the End of WWII, Germany Was Divided Up Into 4
  Zones by the Allies
• U.S., Great Britain, France the Soviet Union
  Controlled the 4 Zones
• Berlin (The Capital) was Inside the Soviet
  Unions Zone!

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Berlin, Germany 1945

• Berlin is the Capital of Germany
• Berlin was Inside the Soviet Zone, but it too was
  Divided Up Into 4 Zones Amongst the Allies
• Stalin Wanted the Capital for the Soviet Union
• If You Take the Capital, You Take the Country
• Soviet Union Put Up a Blockade to Force Out the
  Allies
• No Allied Troops/ Supplies/In or Out of Berlin!

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The Berlin Airlift!

• The U.S., Great Britain, and France United Their
  3 Zones Into Western Germany!
• Soviet Union Feared a Democratic Germany
• Soviet Army Put Up a Blockade Around the City!
• U.S. Responded with the Berlin Airlift
• Brought Food
• Fuel
• Equipment
• Supplies

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Berlin Wall

• The Berlin Airlift Lasted for Over a Year!
• Over 275,000 Flights Were Made Into Berlin to
  Prevent Berlin From Surrendering to the Soviets
• Stalin Called Off the Blockade!
• Decided to Build the Berlin Wall!

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The Berlin Wall
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Results of the Berlin Airlift

• Germany Was Divided Into West Germany
  (Democratic) and East Germany (Communist)
• Berlin (Inside of East Germany) was Divided Into
  West Berlin (Democratic) and East Berlin
  (Communist)
• Lasted This Way Until the Cold War Ended!

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Fears of Communism

• Many Americans Feared the Spread of Communism in
  the United States
• Another Red Scare
• Feared Communists Living in the U.S. Might Be
  Spies!

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Famous Red Scare Trials

• Alger Hiss (State Department Official) Was
  Arrested and Convicted for Passing Military
  Secrets to the Soviet Union
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Were Members of the
  Communist Party
• Sentenced to Death for Stealing Atomic Secrets
  Giving them to the Soviets

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Loyalty Checks

• Harry Truman Wanted Americans to Feel Safe
• Harry Truman Ordered that ALL 3 Million U.S.
  Government Workers Go Through Loyalty Checks
• Are YOU a Communist?
• Whats Wrong With This?

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HUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee
• In 1947, the U.S. Government Targeted the Movie
  Industry of Suspected Communists
• Many Actors, Directors and Writers Lost Their
  Jobs!
• Government Feared the Spread Communism

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Essential Questions

• How can we achieve world peace?