Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815

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Chapter 23

• Ideologies and Upheavals, 18151850

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Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815

• The old dynastic state was a patchwork of
  nationalities. Note the widely scattered pockets
  of Germans and Hungarians.

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Building German Nationalism

• As popular upheaval in France spread to central
  Europe in March 1848, Germans from the solid
  middle classes came together in Frankfurt to
  draft a constitution for a new united Germany.
  This woodcut commemorates the solemn procession
  of delegates entering Saint Pauls Cathedral in
  Frankfurt, where the delegates would have their
  deliberations. Festivals, celebrations, and
  parades helped create a feeling of belonging to a
  large unseen community, a nation binding millions
  of strangers together.

akg-images
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Hayter The House of Commons, 1833

• This collective portrait of the first parliament
  elected after the Reform Bill of 1832 was painted
  over several years. The arrangement of the
  members reflects Britains historic two-party
  system, with the majority on one side and the
  loyal opposition on the other. Most European
  countries developed multiparty systems and
  coalition politics, with competing groups seated
  in a large half circle.

Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery, London
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The Fall of Algiers, July 1830

• France assembled more than six hundred ships for
  its attack on the Ottoman dependency of Algeria,
  and this contemporary engraving depicts the
  ferocious naval bombardment that destroyed the
  capitals last remaining fortifications. However,
  after the surrender French soldiers rampaged
  through the city, and news of this brutal
  behavior encouraged Muslims in the interior to
  revolt and fight on until 1847.

Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet,
Paris, France/Lauros/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art
Library
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Jules Michelet,

• Jules Michelet, in a portrait by Joseph Court.

Photo12.com
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Street Fighting in Frankfurt, 1848

• Workers and students could tear up the
  cobblestones, barricade a street, and make it
  into a fortress. But urban revolutionaries were
  untrained and poorly armed. They were no match
  for professional soldiers led by tough officers
  who were sent against them after frightened
  rulers had recovered their nerve.

The Granger Collection, New York
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Frantisek Palacky,

• Frantisek Palacky, in a frontispiece portrait
  accompanying his most important work on Czech
  history.

Visual Connection Archive