The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)

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The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)
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Where we last left off

• Execution of Robespierre brought an end to the
  Reign of Terror, or radical revolution
• Established the Directory (five-man ruling body)
  and two-house legislature
• France still unsettled economically still at
  war w/Europe

The words Republic, Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity were written on every wall, but these
concepts were nowhere a realityAll was violent
nothing, in consequence, was lasting. Talleyrand
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Napoleons Rise to Power

• Napoleon Bonaparte Born in Corsica (1769)
• Directory appointed Napoleon to lead French
  forces
• Campaigns in Italy ?, Egypt ?
• Reputation as victorious military leader

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The Rosetta Stone
Jean Francois Champollion
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Napoleons Rise to Power

• Directory was weak, ineffective
• Nov. 9, 1799, Napoleon helped overthrow the
  Directory in coup détat
• Assumed powers of a dictator
• Plebiscite was held to approve new constitution

The Revolution is over. I am the Revolution.
Napoleon
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Napoleon the Social Order

• Made unwritten agreements with powerful groups in
  France
• Granted amnesty to émigrés if they took loyalty
  oath
• Reasserted principles of rev.
• Equality of all male citizens before law
• Absolute security of wealth property
• Napoleon reconfirmed the gains of the peasantry
  from the revolution (land, status)

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Napoleon Economic Reforms

• Set up a new method of currency gold franc
• Est. privately owned, centralized Bank of France
  in 1800

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Napoleons Political Reforms

• Strengthen central govt
• Three consuls First Consul (Napoleon) was head
  of state, had all power
• Dismissed corrupt officials
• Set up lycées, or govt-run public schools to
  train officials
• Bureaucracy
• Appointed to office based on merit (earn it!)
• Universal male suffrage

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Napoleonic Code of 1804

• Standard law code for all people based on
  principles of French Rev.
• Ended feudalism, established equality of every
  man
• Limited liberty, promoted order over individual
  rights
• Restricted freedom of speech
• Restored slavery in colonies
• Single national holiday Fête du Concord
  (Bastille Day)

I am a soldier, a child of the Revolution who
has come from the midst of the people I will not
allow them to insult me as if I were a king.
Napoleon
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Napoleons Government

• Council of State
• Proposed the laws.
• Served as a Cabinet the highest court
• Tribunate
• Debated laws, but did not vote on them
• Legislature
• Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them
• Senate
• Had the right to review and veto legislation

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Napoleon Religion

• Catholic Church of France - division within the
  church
• Concordat of 1801 (w/Pope Pius VII)
• Pope gained right to practice Catholicism freely
• Napoleon gained political power
• (support of people)

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The Good Emphasis on Education

• Created hundreds of public schools
• System of lycées

Of all our institutions public education is the
most important. Everything depends on it, the
present and the future. It is essential that the
morals and political ideas of the generation
which is now growing up should no longer be
dependent upon the news of the day or the
circumstances of the moment. Above all we must
secure unity we must be able to cast a whole
generation in the same mold. Napoleon
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But

• Extreme censorship
• Secret police, spies
• Closed newspapers
• Propaganda
• Lowered the status of women

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Napoleons Empire

• Napoleon named consul for life ? approved by
  plebiscite
• Later proclaimed hereditary Emperor of the
  French (1804)
• Crowned himself emperor on Dec. 2, 1804

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Coronation of Napoleon
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Wife 1 Empress Josephine
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Wife 2 Marie Louise(of Austria)withNapoleon
s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles
1811-1832)
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France Loses Territory in Americas

• Lost St. Domingue (Haiti) due to slave uprising
• Civil war led by Toussaint LOuverture
• Achieved Haitian independence

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France Loses Territory in Americas

• Napoleon decided to cut his losses sold
  Louisiana Territory to U.S.
• President Jeffersons administration purchased
  the land for 15 million
• 1) France gained to fund operations in Europe
• 2) Punish the British!

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Napoleon Turns to Europe
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Napoleon Set to Conquer Europe

• Annexed parts of Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland
• Battle of Austerlitz French victory over
  Russia, Prussia, Austria
• Only enemy left BRITAIN!!!!

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Battle of Trafalgar, 1805

• British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroyed French
  fleet
• (Nelson killed)
• Ensured supremacy of British navy
• Forced Napoleon to give up plans to take Britain

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Napoleons Mistakes Continental Blockade,1806

• Goal ? prevent Great Britain from trade with the
  rest of Europe, destroy economy
• Not successful

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Second Mistake Peninsular War, 1808-1813

• Portugal refused to comply w/Continental Blockade
  Napoleon wanted to invade, but had to go
  through Spain
• Enraged Spanish nationalism!
• Spanish people in Madrid revolted against the
  French
• Spanish peasant fighters, guerrillas, weakened
  Napoleons army
• No decisive victory pushed out of Spain by
  British troops (Duke of Welington)

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Napoleons Empire in 1810
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Napoleons Family Rules!

• Jerome Bonaparte ? King of Westphalia.
• Joseph Bonaparte ? King of Spain
• Louise Bonaparte ? King of Holland
• Pauline Bonaparte ? Princess of Italy
• Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)? King of
  Rome
• Elisa Bonaparte ? Grand Duchess of Tuscany
• Caroline Bonaparte ? Queen of Naples

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3rd Mistake Russian Campaign, 1815

• Tsar Alexander I refused to participate in the
  Continental Blockade
• Napoleon sent Grand Army to Russia
• victorious _at_ Borodino

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Russian Campaign, 1815

• Russian army used scorched-earth policy
• Napoleon arrived to Moscow Russians had set
  fire to the city
• Left Napoleons army starving and exhausted
• Russian winter left barely 25,000 soldiers to
  fight
• Retreat

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Russian Campaign, 1815

• Napoleon his Grand Armée waited five weeks for
  negotiations with Russia
• The French were forced to retreat back to France
• Russian winter took its toll on the French army

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Napoleons Downfall

• Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden formed
  coalition (Austria later joined)
• Napoleon defeated _at_ Leipzig (some minor
  victories)
• Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.

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Napoleon Abdicates!

• Napoleon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his
  son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional
  surrender
• Napoleon abdicated again on April 11.
• Napoleon exiled to island of Elba in Treaty of
  Fontainbleu
• Annual income of 2,000,000 francs
• The royalists took control and restored Louis
  XVIII to the throne.

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Napoleon in Exile on Elba
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Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
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The Hundred Days (March 20 June 22, 1815)

• Napoléon escaped Elba and replaced weak monarch
• The people rejoiced!
• Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Russia
  unite again

The devil has been unchained.
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Napoleons Defeat at Waterloo(June 18, 1815)
Prussian General Blücher
DukeofWellington
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Napoleon on His Way to HisFinal Exile onSt.
Helena
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Napoleons Residence on St. Helena
To die is nothing, but to live defeated and
without glory is to die every day. Napoleon
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Napoleons Tomb