England

1
Essential Question How democratic did Britain
become by the beginningof the 20c?
2
Reforms in the British Empire
Main Idea During the 1800s Great Britain passed
many democratic reforms that changed the way
people lived and worked.

• Reading Focus
• How did social and political reforms change life
  in Britain during the early 1800s?
• What reforms helped to shape the Victorian Era?
• What changes transformed the British Empire?

3
Reforming Parliament
1

• In 1815, Britain was a constitutional monarchy.
  Yet, it was far from democratic
• Less than five percent of the people had the
  right to vote.
• Wealthy nobles and squires dominated politics.
• The House of Lords could veto any bill passed by
  the House of Commons.
• Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants could not
  vote or serve in Parliament.
• Populous new cities had no seats in Parliament,
  while rural towns with few or no voters still
  sent members to Parliament.
• In 1832, Parliament finally passed the Great
  Reform Act.
• It redistributed seats in the House of Commons.
• It enlarged the electorate by granting suffrage
  to more men.

4
Social and Economic Reforms
2
During the early and mid-1800s, Parliament passed
a wide variety of important new laws.

• In 1807, Britain became the first leading
  European power to outlaw the slave trade.
• In 1833, Parliament passed a law banning slavery
  in all British colonies.
• Laws were passed to reduce the number of capital
  offenses and end public hanging.
• Additional reforms improved prison conditions and
  outlawed imprisonment for debt.
• Some British tariffs were repealed in the 1820s.
• In 1846, Parliament finally agreed to repeal the
  Corn Laws, which imposed high tariffs on imported
  grain.

5
The Victorian Age
1
From 1837 to 1901, the greatest symbol in British
life was Queen Victoria. Although she exercised
little real political power, she set the tone for
what is now called the Victorian age.

• Victoria embodied the values of duty, thrift,
  honesty, hard work, and respectability.
• She embraced a strict code of morals and manners.
• Under Victoria, the British middle class and
  growing numbers of the working class felt great
  confidence in the future.
• That confidence grew as Britain expanded its
  already huge empire.

6
Victorian England
7
A place in the Cabinet

• in 1812 Robert Peel became MP for Chippenham, in
  Cambridgeshire. He represented many
  constituencies during his political career.
• In 1822 Peel became a Cabinet minister in Lord
  Liverpools Tory government. He was given the
  post of Home Secretary. He also served in the
  Duke of Wellingtons Government.
• Robert Peel became Prime Minister of Great
  Britain in1834, this time for just four months.
  He became Prime Minister again in1841, he
  resigned in from government in 1847.

8
What Robert Peel did.

• 1810 formed Royal Irish Constabulary, which
  proved a great success.
• 1822 reformed the gaols and reduced the amount of
  offences that carried the death penalty.
• 1829 passed the Metropolitan Police act, the
  first thousand uniformed police force began to
  patrol the streets of London.
• 1846 repealed the Corn Laws (which kept food at a
  high price) and encouraged free trade.

9
Social and Political Reforms
During the 1830s industrialization led to rapid
changes in British society, and some began to
call for social and political reform.
10
Draft Reform Bill

• 50 boroughs lost franchise 54 lost 1 MP 6 towns
  given 2 MPs 22 towns 1 MP 6 more seats given
  to London 22 counties were to have 2 extra
  seats 7 1 extra seat
• Was in favour of the secret ballot
• Recommended higher qualification of 20 to
  mitigate effects of ballot
• Five year parliaments to be introduced.
• Non residents lost their right to vote
• More polling places voter registration Ideas of
  responsible citizenship accepted but concepts of
  universal rights rejected.

11
From Bill to Act

• 24 January 1831 cabinet amended the committee's
  draft - striking out the proposal for the secret
  ballot and lowering the franchise again to 10
  householders.
• 1 March 1831 bill was introduced to the Commons
  by Russell.
• 22 March at the second reading the Bill was
  passed by only 302 votes to 301.
• 18 April bill defeated at its third reading by
  299 votes to 291.
• May 1831 general election with Whig landslide.
• Second Reform bill introduced and won its second
  reading by 367 votes to 231
• In committee stages Marquis of Chandos won
  amendment that fifty pound tenants at will could
  enjoy the franchise in the counties
• 21 September bill defeated in Lords by 41 votes.
• Grey introduced slightly amended third bill.
• 13 April 1832 Lords rejected the third Reform
  bill by 184 votes to 175.
• May days Britain close to revolution.
• Wellington attempted to form a minority ministry
  but failed
• Grey used the creation of peers as a threat and
  in September 1832 the bill got through the Lords
  with a majority of 9.
• The first election to be held on the new
  franchise was December 1832.

12
Electoral effects

• Over 40 pocket boroughs survived 12 which
  regularly returned same families
• 8 English boroughs with electorates less than 200
• Southern rural bias continued. London
  under-represented

13
(No Transcript)
14
Positive electoral changes

• Registration boosted party organisation and
  canvassing candidates could locate voters
  accurately encouraged people to see themselves
  as voters
• Number of voters participating increased
  dramatically after 1832
• Partisan voting is the norm (97 of Newarks
  electorate cast straight party votes in 1841)

15
Election No. of Voters
1826 106,397
1830 88,216
1831 74,638
1832 390,700
1835 272,946
16
Summary

• Participation increases
• Organisation of elections
• Public more politicised
• 2 main political parties benefited
• National politics increases
• 1832 was an opportunity

17

• Sadler and the Factory Act
• While Parliament debated Reform Act, one member
  investigated treatment of children in Britains
  textile factories
• Michael Sadler showed harmful conditions endured
  by child workers
• Report noted physical mistreatment, long hours,
  low wages

• Reaction to Report
• As result of Sadlers report, Parliament passed
  Factory Act, 1833
• Act limited working hours of children in textile
  factories, made it illegal for teenagers to work
  more than 12 hours per day
• Children between ages 9 and 13 had to receive two
  hours schooling per day

18
Pauper PalacesWhy did people disagree about the
New Poor Law?
Glossary
Poverty Not earning enough for food, clothing
and housing. Outdoor Relief Poor people were
given relief (from poverty) while they still
lived in their own homes. Workhouse A place
where poor people were given food and shelter in
return for work. Master and Matron The people
in charge of a workhouse, often husband and
wife. Board of Guardians Local people elected to
supervise the running of a workhouse. Less
eligibility Conditions inside a Workhouse had to
be worse than conditions for the lowest paid
labourer outside. Living wage When workers are
paid a wage that is sufficient to live in. Poor
Rate Money collected from local property owners
to support the poor. Monotonous Dull and boring.
19
Pauper PalacesWhy did people disagree about the
New Poor Law?
Step One The New Poor Law
Critic I am against the New Poor Law because it
has ended outdoor relief for poor people. This
helped them because they could get money for
short periods when they might be unemployed and
they could still live in their own homes. There
has been a lot of unemployment because of the
growth of factories and changes to farming.
Factory workers would not have any pay if there
was no work at the factory. Farm labourers are
being put out of work by machinery. On top of
this the cost of bread is going up, so many poor
people need help to feed their families. The New
Poor Law says that the only way that the poor can
get help is by going into a Workhouse. This has
got to be a more expensive way of helping them!
20
Pauper PalacesWhy did people disagree about the
New Poor Law?
Step One The New Poor Law
Supporter I am in favour of the New Poor Law
because it will save money and encourage the poor
to work harder. The new law will save money
because the Workhouse will be less eligible.
This means that the poor will be less likely to
choose to go there, rather than to take the
lowest paid job and to live at home. To do this,
families will be broken up, inmates will have to
wear a uniform and they will be put to work. The
food they eat will be the cheapest and most basic
and they will have their lives organised for
them. Less eligibility means that the Workhouse
will be worse than conditions for the lowest paid
labourer outside its walls. This will stop those
lazy idlers from scrounging money by asking for
poor relief.
21
Pauper PalacesWhy did people disagree about the
New Poor Law?
Step One The New Poor Law
Critic By ending outdoor relief the poor will be
unfairly punished for their poverty. The real
causes of their poverty is not laziness, but low
wages, high food prices and under-employment. If
the poor were paid a living-wage then they would
not have to ask for help. No matter how hard a
man works he still never earns enough to support
his family. This has been made worse by the very
high prices of bread. Sometimes the poor do not
have regular work. When there is no work, factory
workers are laid-off, but they will not be paid.
Farm labourers have been put out of work by the
new threshing machines. The poor cannot do
anything about their low wages or their
unemployment. The New Poor Law punishes them for
their poverty. This cant be right.
22
Pauper PalacesWhy did people disagree about the
New Poor Law?
Step One The New Poor Law
Supporter I am in favour of the New Poor Law
because it will encourage employers to pay a
living wage and to help workers during periods of
unemployment. The old system of poor relief made
up a mans wages so that he had enough money to
feed his family. This encouraged employers to pay
the worker less than a living-wage. It also meant
that employers could lay workers off for short
periods, without having to pay them. It also kept
a lot of farm labourers in areas where there was
not enough work for them. The New Poor Law means
that the Poor will get back their self-respect,
because it will force employers will have to pay
a living wage and a man will be able to support
his family without having to beg for charity.
23
Other Reforms

• New Laws
• 1833, Parliament abolished slavery in Great
  Britain, all British Empire
• Government compensated slave owners depending on
  how many they freed
• Parliament also passed new public health and
  crime laws

• Chartism
• 1839, group called Chartists worked for voting
  rights for all men
• Name from Peoples Charter, petition sent to
  Parliament demanding voting rights, secret
  ballot, annual elections, pay for representatives
  in Parliament

• Parliamentary Reaction
• Peoples Charter rejected Chartists gained wide
  popular support, staged uprisings large revolt,
  1848
• Chartists did not see immediate results but many
  reforms passed eventually

24
The Chartist ChallengeWhat did different people
think about Chartism?
Charter The Peoples Charter a list of six
demands that if they were granted would improve
living and working conditions for ordinary
people. Chartist A supporter of the Peoples
Charter. Petition Another name for the Charter
or to request something. Vote Make a choice to
elect a representative in Parliament. Bias Favour
ing a particular point of view. Parliament Where
new laws are discussed and made. Ballot Another
name for voting. Constituency The area that
elects on person to Parliament. Moral Force
Chartist Used peaceful methods to support the
Charter. Physical Force Chartist Used threats of
violence to support the Charter. Transported Sent
to Australia as a punishment for breaking the
law. Prejudice To have a one-sided, or biased
opinion.
25
Chartism 1836-48

• Working class not given vote in 1832
• 1834 New Poor Law splitting families up
• High level of unemployment
• Chartism set up to get vote for the poorer
• people

• A vote for
• every man over 21
• 2. Secret Ballots
• 3. Abolition of
• property
• qualifications for MPs
• 4. MPs to be paid
• 5. Equal size
• constituencies
• 6. Annual elections

26
The Chartist ChallengeWhat did different people
think about Chartism?
The Six Points of the PEOPLE'S CHARTER 1.
A VOTE for every man twenty-one years of age, of
sound mind, and not undergoing punishment
for crime.2. THE (Secret) BALLOT to protect the
elector in the exercise of his vote.3. NO
PROPERTY QUALIFICATION for Members of
Parliament-thus enabling the constituencies
to return the man of their choice, be he rich or
poor.4. PAYMENT OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT thus
enabling an honest tradesman, working man,
or other person, to serve a constituency, when
taken from his business to attend the
interests of the country.5. EQUAL
CONSTITUENCIES, securing the same amount of
representation for the same number of
electors, instead of allowing small
constituencies to swamp the votes of
large ones.6. ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS, thus
presenting the most effectual check to bribery
and intimidation, since though a
constituency might be bought once in seven years
(even with the ballot), no purse could
buy a constituency (under a system of universal
suffrage) in each ensuing twelvemonth
and since members, when elected for a year
only, would not be able to defy and betray
their constituents as now.
27
The Chartist ChallengeWhat did different people
think about Chartism?

• The Causes of Chartism
• Most people did not have any political power.
• They had no say in the laws made in
  Parliament.
• People wanted the political power to pass
• laws that would help working people.
• They were very disappointed not to have got
• the vote in 1832.
• There was great poverty caused by
• unemployment and low wages.
• Food prices were very high.
• People were starving.
• The Workhouses were the only places to get
• help and they were like prisons, punishing
• people for their poverty.
• Parliament only passed laws that helped
• rich people.

28
The Chartist ChallengeWhat did different people
think about Chartism?
Three Chartist Petitions There were three
petitions, in 1839, 1842 and 1848. 1839 1.25
million signatures, led by moral force chartists.
Rejected causing a Chartist rising in Newport.
1842 3.25 million signatures due to poverty
and hunger caused by unemployment. Rejected,
causing strikes, riots and the Plug Plots. 1848
led by Physical Force Chartists. Caused by
hunger and poverty and by revolutions in France,
Italy and Germany and the American Civil War.
Massive meeting planned with a march from
Kennington Common to Parliament. Rejected.
Chartism collapsed.
29
The Chartist ChallengeWhat did different people
think about Chartism?
Different types of Chartist
Moral Force Chartists were led by William
Lovett. They wanted to change things
through writing, speaking, better education and
the moral force of peaceful persuasion. This
meant that if an argument was moral (correct)
then it would eventually win, if it was argued
peacefully.
Physical Force Chartists were led by Feargus
OConnor. They were prepared to use force
to persuade the government to change things.
Chartism was a moral force idea, but when it
was rejected twice, OConnor gained control.
Kennington Common was a threatened revolution.
30
What happened to the Chartists?

• 1839 Newport Rising direct action taken by
  authorities 20 Chartists killed
• Between 1839-48 100 Chartists transported
• Chartists collected 3 petitions outlining their
  demands each rejected by Parliament
• 1848 Mass demo planned in London
• Govt brought in troops police
• Event was failure for the Chartists

31
Britain 1850-1870s

• The most prosperous period in British history.
• Unprecedented economic growth.
• Heyday of free trade.
• New fields of expansion ? shipbuilding from wood
  to iron.
• By 1870, Britains carrying trade enjoyed a
  virtual monopoly.
• Br. engineers were building RRs all over the
  world.
• Br.s foreign holdings nearly doubled.
• BUT, Britains prosperity didnt do away with
  political discontent!

32
A New Era in British Politics
1

• In the 1860s, the old political parties regrouped
  under new leadership
• The Tories became the Conservative party, led by
  Benjamin Disraeli.
• The Whigs evolved into the Liberal party, led by
  William Gladstone.
• In the late 1800s, these two parties pushed
  little by little for suffrage to be extended. By
  centurys end, almost-universal male suffrage had
  been achieved.
• In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to
  limit the power of the House of Lords. In time,
  the House of Lords would become a largely
  ceremonial body, while the elected House of
  Commons would reign supreme.

33
The Victorian Compromise

• Both Tories and Whigs had considered the 1832
  Reform Bill as the FINAL political reform.
• Therefore, the aims of the two political parties
  seemed indistinguishable.
• But, by the 1860s, the middle class and working
  class had grown ? they wanted the franchise
  expanded!
• This era saw the realignment of political parties
  in the House of Commons
• Tory Party ? Conservative Party
  under Benjamin Disraeli.
• Whig Party ? Liberal Party under
  William Gladstone.

34
Victorian Era Voting Reforms
In 1837 Queen Victoria became the ruler of Great
Britain. The Victorian Era lasted until 1901. It
was a time of great change, including voting
reforms that made the country more democratic.
35
The Two Great Men

• Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister
• 1868
• 1874-1880

• William Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister
• 1868-1874
• 1880-1885
• 1886
• 1892-1894

36
The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

• In 1866, Gladstone introduced a moderate reform
  bill that was defeated by the Conservatives.
• A more radical reform bill was introduced by
  Disraeli in 1867, passed largely with some
  Liberal support.

37
The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

• Disraelis Goals
• Give the Conservative Party control over the
  reform process.
• Labor would be grateful and vote Conservative.
• Components of the Bill
• Extended the franchise by 938,427 ? an increase
  of 88.
• Vote given to male householders and male lodgers
  paying at least 10 for room.
• Eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer than 10,000
  inhabitants.
• Extra representation in Parliament to larger
  cities like Liverpool Manchester.
• This ended the Victorian Compromise.

38
The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867
39
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

• A dandy and a romance novelist.
• A brilliant debater.
• Baptized by his father into the Anglican Church.
• BUT, he was the first only Prime Minister of
  Jewish parentage.
• A strong imperialist.
• Greater England foreign policy.
• Respected by Queen Victoria.

40
William Gladstone (1809-1898)

• An active legislator and reformer.
• Known for his populist speeches.
• Could be preachy.
• Queen Victoria couldnt stand him.
• Tried to deal with the Irish Question.
• Supported a Little England foreign policy.

41
Gladstones 1st Ministry

• Goals Gladstonianism
• Decrease public spending.
• Reform laws that prevented people from acting
  freely to improve themselves.
• Hes against privilege supports a meritocracy.
• Protect democracy through education.
• Promote peace abroad to help reduce spending and
  taxation, and to help enhance trade.
• Low tariffs.
• All political questions are moral questions!

42
Gladstones 1st Ministry

• Accomplishments
• 1868 Army reform ? peacetime flogging was
  illegal.
• 1869 Disestablishment Act ? Irish Catholics did
  not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican
  Church in Ireland.
• 1870 Education Act ? elementary education made
  available to Welsh English children between
  5-13 years.
• 1870 Irish Land Act ? curtailed absentee
  Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish
  Catholic tenants without compensation.
• 1871 University Test Act ? non-Anglicans could
  attend Br. universities.

43
Gladstones 1st Ministry

• Accomplishments (cont.)
• 1872 Ballot Act ? secret ballot for local and
  general elections.
• 1872 The settlement of the CSS Alabama claims
  from the American Civil War in Americas favor.
• 1873 Legislation was passed that restructured
  the High Courts.
• Civil service exams introduced for many
  government positions.

44
Disraelis 2nd Ministry

• Accomplishments
• Domestic Policy
• 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act ? govt. would define
  minimum housing standards.
• 1875 Public Health Act ? govt. to create a
  modern sewer system in the big cities establish
  a sanitary code.
• 1875 Pure Food Drug Act.
• 1875 Climbing Boys Act ? licenses only given to
  adult chimney sweeps.
• 1875 Conspiracy Protection of Property Act ?
  allowed peaceful picketing.

45
Disraelis 2nd Ministry

• Accomplishments
• Domestic Policy
• 1876 Education Act
• 1878 Employers Workmen Act ? allowed workers
  to sue employers in
  civil courts if they
  broke legal contracts.

46
Gladstones 2nd Ministry

• Accomplishments
• Domestic Policy
• 1884 Reform Bill
• Extended the franchise to agricultural laborers.
• Gave the counties the same franchise as the
  boroughs.
• Added 6,000,000 to the total number who could
  vote in parliamentary elections.
• 1885 Redistribution of Seats Act ? changes M.P.
  seats in Commons to reflect new demographic
  changes.

47
Reforms for the Working Class
2
By the early 1900s, Parliament gradually passed a
series of reforms designed to help the workers
whose labor supported the new industrial society.

• Parliament passed laws to regulate the conditions
  in factories and mines.
• Government and business leaders slowly accepted
  worker organizations.
• Workers won higher wages and shorter hours.
• Social reforms were enacted to benefit the
  working class.
• These included improved public health and
  housing for workers, free elementary education
  for all children, and protection for the poor
  and disadvantaged.

48
The Irish Question
2

• The Irish never accepted English rule
• They resented English settlers, especially
  absentee landlords.
• Many Irish peasants lived in poverty while
  paying high rents to landlords living in
  England.
• The Irish, most of whom were Catholic, were
  forced to pay tithes to the Church of England.
• Irish nationalists campaigned for freedom and
  justice.
• In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop,
  causing a terrible famine called the Great
  Hunger.
• At least one million Irish died while the British
  continued to ship healthy crops outside Ireland.
• The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish
  bitterness that still exists today.
• The Irish struggled for years to achieve home
  rule, or local self-government.
• However, Parliament did not pass a home rule bill
  until 1914. It then delayed putting the new law
  into effect until after World War I.

49
Changes in the British Empire
Beyond Britain, people living in other parts of
the British Empire were also moved by the spirit
of reform. In the mid-1800s people in Ireland,
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand took steps to
rule themselves.
During the years of the famine, about 1 million
people starved, and about 1.5 million others
emigratedmany to the United States.
50
Ireland

• Exports
• Ireland continued to export food through famine
  years
• Shipments left Irish ports for England under
  heavy guard by British soldiers
• British officials believed interfering with trade
  would harm British economy

• Resentful of British Rule
• Famine left many Irish more resentful of British
  rule than ever
• 1860s, many Irish began to fight for change
• Some wanted independence, others home rule within
  United Kingdom

• Self-Government
• Parliament debated several bills to grant home
  rule to Ireland, 1800s
• None of them passed
• Ireland did not receive limited self-government
  until 1920

51
Gladstones Last Ministries

• 3rd Ministry 1886
• First introduced an Irish Home Rule Bill.
• This issue split the Liberal Party.
• Gladstone lost his position in a few months.
• 4th Ministry 1892-1894
• 1893 Reintroduced a Home Rule Bill.
• Provided for an Irish Parliament.
• Did NOT offer Ireland independence!
• Passed by the Commons, but rejected in the House
  of Lords.

52
Home Rule for Ireland??
Gladstone debates Home Rule in Commons.
53
Canada

• Colonies
• Britains colonies in Canada very different
• Some mainly French-speaking, others mainly
  English-speaking

• Rebellions
• Diversity created lack of unity, led to calls for
  reform
• 1837, rebellions in Canadian colonies convinced
  British reform necessary

• Unity
• 1838, Lord Durham sent as governor-general to
  Canada
• Wanted colonies to unite, form great and
  powerful people

• Dominion
• 1867, Parliament granted colonies power to govern
  selves
• Canada become dominion, self-governing colony
  continued to expand westward

54
OH! Canada

• Canada begins the move for self government in the
  1830s
• Great Britain looks to avoid mistakes of the
  revolutionary war and unites upper and lower
  Canada
• Great Britain gives self-governance to Canada by
  creating Four Provinces in upper and lower Canada
• Britain eventually gives Canada more independence
  as Gold is discovered in the northwest and as its
  territory continues to grow

55

• Australia
• Since 1700s, Britain had used Australia as place
  to send criminals
• Mid-1800s, other colonists began to settle there,
  attracted by copper, gold deposits
• 1901, Britain granted self-rule to Commonwealth
  of Australia established own parliament but
  remained part of British empire

• New Zealand
• British government made agreement with local
  Maori people, land in exchange for self-rule
• New Zealand became a dominion of Great Britain
• 1893, New Zealand became first country to give
  women the vote

56
GDay Mate

• Settlers from Asia begin move to Australia 40,000
  years ago
• Australia begins as a prison colony of Great
  Britain but settlers and convicts begin to settle
  the land
• Colonists, convicts, and aborigines begin to
  clash over land with the aborigines being killed
  by disease and racial conflict
• Great Britain makes Australia a commonwealth
  giving Australia more independence
• As Australian economies grew, social programs
  begin to expand

57
New Zealand

• New Zealand is claimed by Great Britain in the
  1840s when they sign a treaty with the Maori
• New Zealand gained self-governance again in 1852
• Original Maori and the new inhabitants clash over
  land with many Maori Dying in warfare and because
  of Disease
• Women get right to vote in 1893, the first
  country to allow women to vote

58
Womens Suffrage
59
Womens Social Political Union W.S.P.U.
60
Votes for Women
2
In Britain, as elsewhere, women struggled for the
right to vote against strong opposition.

• Suffragists led by Emmeline Pankhurst used
  aggressive tactics and sometimes resorted to
  violent protest.
• Many middle-class women disapproved of such
  radical actions. Yet they, too, spoke up in
  increasing numbers.
• Some women, including Queen Victoria, opposed
  suffrage altogether.
• Despite these protests, Parliament refused to
  grant womens suffrage.
• Not until 1918 did Parliament finally grant
  suffrage to women over age 30.
• Younger women did not win the right to vote for
  another decade.

61
Womens Social and Political Union

• Early 1900s, women grew more frustrated with slow
  pace of suffrage movement
• Emmeline Pankhurst, founder of Womens Social and
  Political Union (WSPU) said, You have to make
  more noise than anybody else.
• Government continued to ignore issue of womens
  suffrage
• WSPU adopted destructive tactics
• Many suffragists went to prison
• 1918, Parliament granted vote to women over age
  30
• By 1928 voting rights for British women were on
  the same basis as British men.

62
Emmeline Pankhurst

• 1858-1928.
• Her husband children were all involved in the
  suffrage movement.
• They became militants were arrested and
  imprisoned.
• 1917 She and her daughter, Christabel, formed
  the Womens Party in 1917
• Equal pay for equal work.
• Equal marriage divorcelaws.
• Equality of rights opportunities in public
  service.
• A national system of maternity benefits.

63
Representation of the People Act (1918)

• Women over 30 got the right to vote.
• All men gained suffrage.
• Property qualifications were completely
  eliminated!
• Reform Act of 1928
• Women over 21 years of age gained the right to
  vote at last!

64
Englands Economic Decline?(1870s-1914)

• Germany the U. S. became Englands chief
  economic rivals.
• Influx of cheap agricultural products from
  overseas caused a rapid decline in British
  farming.
• Germany U. S. overtake Britain in basic iron
  steel production.
• Englands share of world trade fell from 23 in
  1876 to 15 in 1913.
• British science technological education lagged
  behind Germany.
• England is slow to modernize her aging industrial
  infrastructure.
• England clings to free trade while everyone else
  is erecting tariff walls.

65
Fabianism

• A British socialist intellectual movement founded
  in the mid-1880s.
• Purpose ? advance socialism by working through
  the political system, not through revolution.
• Laid the foundations for the British Labour
  Party.
• Famous Fabian Society members
• George Bernard Shaw.
• H. G. Wells.
• Sidney Beatrice Webb.
• Emmeline Pankhurst.
• Bertram Russell.
• John Maynard Keynes.

66
The British Labour Party

• Founded in 1900 by the Scotsman, Keir Hardie.
• The growth of labor unions gave voice to
  socialism in Britain.
• By 1906, it won 26 seats in Commons.
• Had to form a political coalition with the
  Liberal Party.
• By the 1920s, Labour would replace the Liberals
  as on of the two major British political parties.

67
The Beginnings of the Welfare State?

• Labours Political Agenda
• Gradual socialization of key industries
  utilities.
• Workmans Compensation Act.
• State employment bureaus.
• Minimum wage set.
• Aid to dependent children the elderly.
• Old age pension to all over 70.
• National Insurance Act.

How to pay for all of this??
68
The Peoples Budget

• The Liberals dominated government from 1906 to
  1924.
• The Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, David
  Lloyd George, presented a Peoples Budget in
  1911.
• Increase income taxes for those in the higher
  brackets.
• Raise the inheritance tax.
• The House of Lords rejected this budget.

69
The Parliament Act of 1911

• A political crisis.
• WHY? ? Lords had traditionally approved all
  revenue bills passed by the Commons in the past.
• By threatening to create enough new Liberal peer
  to control that chamber, King George V forced
  the House of Lords to pass this bill!!
• Also known as the 4th Reform Bill.
• Provisions
• Lords could not defeat a bill passed three times
  by Commons.
• Lords cant hold up revenue bills for more than
  one month.
• Members of Commons would be paid a salary.