ENGLAND

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ENGLAND
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Calendar

• Turn in rest of homework
• Typed DBQ Monday
• French Homework

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English Unique Character

• Island isolated
• Not conquered since 1066
• Tradition of change, not brought on by others
• Compromise between ruler and rules
• Whats best for nation
• No compromise revolution
• Magna Carta

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The War of the Roses andHenry Tudor
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War of the Roses

• Civil War
• After 100 Years War with France
• Dispute 2 branches of royal family claimed
  throne
• House of York (white rose/purity)
• House of Lancaster (red rose/bravery)
• Bloody family quarrel

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The Course of the War

• War continued through Henry VI, Edward IV,
  Richard III
• Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth
• Last Medieval king
• New English order under Henry VII
• Connected to both families by marriage
• Pink rose (combo)

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Rule of Henry Tudor

• Chief minister middle class ()
• Justice of Peace local landowners
• Made himself richest man in England
• Money from feudal dues
• Taxes on imported goods (trade)
• Avoided war (military expenditures
• Destroyed power of nobles (outlawed private
  armies)
• Nobility killed off 100 Yrs. War, War of Roses

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Court of Star Chamber

• Secret court violated fairness
• Tortured citizens
• Accepted since it kept peace
• Vigilantism
• Magna Carta- limit on Kings power, nobles wanted
  rights
• Henry died leaving English peaceful and
  prosperous

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Henry VIII and the Anglican Church
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The Heirs

• Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation
• Mary I (had been cloistered bitter)
• Wife of Philip II
• King of Spain/ Queen of England- children become
  rulers of both
• Bloody Mary executes 300 for heresy
• Pope put back, undo reforms
• Problem- people did not want to return to
  Catholicism

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The Rule of Elizabeth I
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Elizabeth I
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Elizabeths Qualities

• Fierce temper
• Crude
• Educated
• Witty

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Early Troubles

• Refusal to marry- preserve own power and for the
  Good of England
• Religion
• Rival queen
• Spanish
• Finances

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Mary Queen of Scots
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Elizabeth and Religion

• Royal policy was in constant flux
• Est. state church moderate Catholics and
  Protestants would accept
• 1559 Act of Uniformity- national church est.
  similar to Henry VIII
• Required to attend services

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Elizabeth and Religion

• 1559 New Act of Supremacy- Elizabeth made Supreme
  Governor of Englands state and church
  institutions
• Priests allowed to marry, sermons in English
  (VERNACULAR)
• Keeps richness of Catholicism
• Cared more about loyalty than religion

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Mary Stuart Plots

• Catholics wanted Mary Stuart to be queen
• Supported by Spain and Pope
• 1567 Mary escapes to England when Scots
  (converted by Knox) revolt
• 1587-Executed for plotting against Elizabeth

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Philip and Spain Threaten

• Relation between Spain and England worsen after
  Mary I dies
• Philip wanted to marry Elizabeth
• She promised after mourning period- diplomatic
  advantage
• Spanish Armada defeated
• Tilbury speech

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Financial Troubles

• Desire to start exploration as a source of money
• Businesses grow, import taxes, exports
• Joint-stock cos strengthen economy- Commercial
  Revolution
• Cities grow
• Financial problems led to problems with Parliament

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Elizabeth and Money

• Tight fisted ( came through Parliament)
• Wanted to keep money and power (not give to
  Parliament)
• Need money for navy not army
• She expects people to fight
• Uses bribery/promises of marriage to get way with
  Parliament

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Later Problems

• Puritans (political group) not happy with
  religious policies
• House of Commons (active in politics)
• Away from moderation to strict church
• No persecution of Puritans until after Civil War

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Elizabethan England
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1500s Golden Age

• Economically, politically. Culturally
• Inspired by Spanish Armada
• 1588 London was most populated city in Europe
• Center of trade and Commercial Revolution
• Rich v. poor (disparity)
• England is strengthened
• London Bridge- architectural achievement

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The Arts

• Theatre becomes popular
• Art promoted
• Focus on literature (unlike Italy)
• William Shakespeare
• Humanistic tragedies attract people
• 1576 James Burbage- 1st fixed theatre

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Thursday

• Questions
• Get into Groups
• 4 Timelines 4 SPRITE 2 Essays
• Read and Highlite Tilbury

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Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War
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James I

• Follows Elizabeth (Scottish cousin)
• Issue- Power of Parliament
• Believed in absolute rule
• Divine Right- authority from God
• Answer only to God
• King James Bible- retranslation in response to
  conflict w/ Puritans

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James I
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Quarrels with Parliament

• Elizabeth left debt
• Parliament would not give money- James would not
  bargain
• Puritans wanted him to make Church of England
  less Catholic

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Charles I

• Son of James I
• Divine Right ruler
• Quarrels with Parliament over
• 1626 War with Spain forced him to Parliament-
  dismisses when funds refused
• 1626/27- War with France- forces knights and
  nobles to loan (imprisons the unwilling) and
  quarters troops in private homes

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Charles I
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Problems continue

• 1628 Charles recalls Parliament- financial need
• Money be given in return for Petition of Right
• Petition of Right
• Parliaments consent for taxes
• Imprison only with cause
• No martial law in peacetime
• No quartering of soldiers

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Problems continue

• Petition accepted- not believed it would be
  followed
• 1629 Result- Parliament dissolved (not called for
  11 years)
• King gained money through fines and fees
  (believed acts of treason)
• Result popularity declined

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Charles I and Religion

• Religious policies would get him beheaded
• Puritans upset (many fled)
• William Laud (believed to secretly be Catholic)
• Forced Scots (Presbyterians) to follow Church of
  England
• Scots threatened invasion

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Charles I and Religion

• Charles calls Parliament
• Why? Needed resources for war
• Response? Parliament refuses unless King
  addresses their demands
• Results? King dissolves Parliament (Short
  Parliament)
• Scots invade defeat English- Charles gives in

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Charles I and Religion

• Charles forced to call Parliament for money to
  meet new threat
• Long Parliament
• Parliament limits Kings power- consent for taxes,
  Parliament meetings, Court of Star Chamber
• Revolt in Ireland- for suppression
• Parliament further divided

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Charles I and Religion

• Raid on House of Commons fails- people upset King
  abandons house- goes north to prepare army (1642)

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Monday

• Staple cover sheet to DBQ
• Exchange Papers
• Peer Grade DBQ
• Calendar
• Homework Wednesday

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English Civil War
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English Civil War

• The 2 sides
• Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church
  officials)
• Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants
• Roundheads- money
• Cavaliers- experienced military, 75 of land
• 1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of Roundheads
  (believed they had Gods support)

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Oliver Cromwell
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English Civil War

• Most people did NOT get involved in war
• Destruction of war- people become more radical
• 1646 Cromwells New Model Army defeated the
  Kings forces
• Tried to disband army- job was done
• Strongly radical Puritan, more radical than
  Parliament

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English Civil War

• Result some Parliament members join up with king
• Cromwell defeated them took King captive
• Cromwell and army march to London
• 143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled
  (Prides Purge)
• Charles I tried beheaded /Rump Parliament
• First time Monarch tried with official execution

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Cromwell

• 1653 Cromwell drafted constitution (1st written
  constitution in major European nation)
• Republic under Cromwell as Lord Protector
• Military dictatorship
• Puritans impose beliefs (people upset)

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Charles II and James IIs Rule Lead to the
Glorious Revolution
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Charles II and Restoration

• Monarchy restored
• Not a Divine Right Ruler (1600-1685)
• Middle ground with religion
• Religious freedom to Puritans and Catholics
  created problems with Parliament
• Church of England- only legal religion

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Charles II
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Charles II and Restoration

• 1679 Parliament passes Habeas Corpus-
  guarantees freedoms (right to trial)
• No more arrests for opposition to monarch
• Money and religion will ruin him (same as father
  and grandfather)

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Charles II and Money

• Not enough money from Parliament
• Turns to Catholic King Louis XIV of France for
  money
• Secret agreement Charles would become Catholic
  in future

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Charles II and Religion

• People knew of Charles Catholic tendencies
• NO HEIR (son)- brother James II (heir) was openly
  Catholic
• Led to formation of political parties
• Whigs- James opponents
• Tories- James supporters

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Read

• 453
• During Whose Rule
• Argument
• POV
• Commonwealth

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James II

• Divine Right Ruler- no consent from Parliament
• Had Tories support until he appointed Catholics
  to high office
• Violate laws passed by Restoration Parliament
• Reaction James dissolves Parliament and wont
  call another

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James II
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Unhappy Protestants

• 1687 James announces govt. posts open to
  Catholics and Protestants
• 13,000 soldiers stationed outside London- change
  state religion to Catholicism
• 1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of
  kings (second wife)

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Protestants Plan

• Mary, daughter of first wife, married to William
  of Orange invited to overthrow James II
• They accepted
• Nobody tried to stop William and troops
• James left for France
• Glorious Revolution (bloodless)
• William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading
  partner in ruling

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Growth of Parliaments Power
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Parliament is Strengthened

• Puritans offended by Elizabeth
• Active in politics House of Commons spoke up
• Stepped up more with rule of Charles II (not
  Divine Right ruler)
• Got involved over successor of James II
• Went to William and Mary around power of king

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Under William and Mary

• 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights
• Things ruler could NOT do
• Parliament had certain rights
• Laws could not be suspended
• Approval of taxes
• Freedom of speech
• No standing army
• No excessive bail

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British Government
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Great Britain

• Ireland
• Scotland
• Wales
• England

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Constitutional Monarchy
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Constitutional Monarchy

• Began 1688 Glorious Rev.
• Most Progressive
• Ruler limited by law
• Monarch needed Parliaments consent
• Parliament needed monarchs consent

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Previous Limits

• 1215 Magna Carta
• King John limits kings power
• English Bill of Rights
• Secured Constitutional Monarchy

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Parliament
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House of Commons
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Meeting of House of Commons
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House of Lords
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House of Lords
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The English Cabinet
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The Cabinet

• Executive Committee
• Originally temporary
• Acted in rulers name
• Only represented majority party
• Why Stalemate possible b/w Parliament and
  Monarch

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The Cabinet

• Began Wm. and Mary
• Most influential ministers
• Appointed and dismissed at will
• End of rule for support chose majority party
  members (Whigs)
• Assured king majority vote
• Cabinet now link b/w king and Parliament

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Rise of the Prime Minister
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Background

• 1 minister dominated cabinet during Hanoverian
  Dynasty
• German dynasty
• Last Stuart Anne died 1714
• George I II- little English, no interest in
  British affairs
• Lack of knowledge- leads to reliance on ministers

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Prime Minster Emerges

• Sir Robert Walpole
• 1721 George I appts. him first Lord of the
  Treasury
• 1721-1741 unofficial ruler of Britain
• First Prime Minister
• Set pattern for modern British politics

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The System

• Cabinet center of power and policy making
• Leader of majority party in Parliament led
  cabinet as prime minister

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George III

• Tried to take back power
• US issue- No taxation w/out representation
• Average GB citizens did not have these rights
• Ulterior motive- break away from mercantilism

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A Summary

• Works best if only 2 parties
• Advantages
• Executive, majority party will get legislation
  passed
• Disadvantages
• Minority has little say
• Possibility of frequent elections (party not
  support PM, party balance)

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British Reform Legislation
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Reform Bill 1832

• Why pressure from merchants factory owners
• Purpose set up new districts for electing
  members of Parliament
• Old districts- medieval villages now empty (owner
  had vote)
• New cities (Manchester, Sheffield) no elected
  reps (grew after districts formed)

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Reform Bill 1832

• Significance
• End to injustice- new cities got vote
• More men gained suffrage (men who paid certain
  amount in rent gained vote, not just landowners)
• Most all middle class voted now
• 20 voting (2xs more)

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Reform Act of 1867

• Why Growing prosperity social responsibility
  of working class
• Some politicians convinced to extend suffrage
• Reform League (John Bright)- pushed Parliamentary
  action

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Reform Act of 1867

• 1866 Lord Russell introduces idea- defeated by
  Conservatives antidemocratic Liberals
• Conservative Disraeli (led House of Commons) gets
  bill passed
• Accepted liberal amendments
• Voting 1,43 mil to 2.47 mil (working class)

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Reform Act of 1867

• Disraeli wanted Conservatives to get support of
  new voters
• Saw change inevitable- let Conservatives get
  credit (responsive to social change)
• Believed growing mid class would be Conservative

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Disraeli v. Gladstone
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Gladstone

• Liberal PM 1868-1874
• Began as a Conservative
• Wanted old institutions opened
• 1870 Exams for Civil Service
• 1871 Abolished purchase of officers commission
• 1872 Secret Ballot
• Anglican requirement dropped for universities

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Gladstone

• Education Act of 1870
• Govt. est. and run elementary schools (instead of
  church)
• Church had been given little money inadequate
  schools
• NO education in areas no church
• Why? Democracy does NOT work with society of
  illiterates

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Gladstone

• Goals
• Remove old abuses without destroying existing
  institutions
• Citizens compete on ability
• Recognizes trade unions
• Stress individualism, free trade, competition
  (solve social probs)
• Significance- state-building brings loyalty

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Gladstone in House of Commons
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Disraeli

• Conservative PM 1874-1880
• Favored paternalistic legislation
• Action few specific programs
• Richard Cross- Home Sec.
• Responsible for social legislation

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Disraeli

• 1875 Public Health Act-
• state interfere on private property in matters of
  health, well-being
• 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act-
• State provide housing to working class
• 1875 Conservatives offer protections to trade
  unions
• Allowed to strike

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Benjamin Disraeli
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Loss of Power by House of Lords
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David Lloyd George

• Liberal
• Minister of Finance
• 1909- Prime Minister
• Social Welfare

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Social Welfare Program

• Old-age pensions
• Accident/illness insurance for workers
• Unemployment benefits
• FUNDING income taxes (wealthy)
• Peoples Budget

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Peoples Budget

• Only House of Commons passed
• Issue- place of House of Lords in British govt.
• Liberals want to limit power
• Liberals win next 2 elections but lords refuse
  reforms
• King threatened to appt. new liberal- minded
  lords (pass reform)
• Lords vote to limit own power

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Peoples Budget

• Resolved- House of Lords only delay bills passed
  by House of Commons
• After 2 yrs. bills become law
• One step closer to fully democratic govt.

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Irish Question
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The Basics

• Ireland controlled by British for nearly 300
  years
• 1801- directly from London
• 1870s Irish nationalists seek home rule
• Irish Home Rule Party- seek independence
• Liberals support home rule
• Gladstones bills defeated

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Read 811

• Argument
• POV

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Issues

• Prices of farm products drop
• 1000s cant pay rent
• 2000 families pushed out of homes
• Angry farmers, nationalists become violent
• 1870-1880s- Protestants and Catholics work
  together for home rule

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A Change

• 1900s Irish Protestants turn against home rule
• Lived in N. Ireland (Ulster)
• Fear being a minority
• 1914 Home Rule bill passed
• WWI broke put month before bill to take effect

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Social Issues

• Anglo Saxons (British)- English
• Celts (Irish)- Gaelic
• English see Irish as inferior, lazy people (treat
  poorly)
• English- Protestant
• Irish- Catholic (no representation, no vote)

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Political Issues

• Protestants (minority) and Catholics (majority)
• Who control govt?
• Home Rule?
• 1936 Ireland gained independence (N. Ireland
  independent for Protestants)

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Economic Issues

• Gladstone
• Tenant Laws- land back to Irish
• Henry Elizabeth- bought out Irish land est.
  British farms
• Cromwell finished conquest
• Irish wanted British landlords out

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British Empire
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Empire

• Colonies key to prosperity- benefit Britain
• Mercantilism
• 1700s- focus is on gaining controlling
  colonies
• 1763 British strongest colonial and navel power
  in Europe

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Empire Size

• Extending on Indian subcontinent
• N. America- east of Mississippi
• Islands in Caribbean- SUGAR
• Canada- largest part of Empire
• Navigation Laws 1660 1663- tight control of
  colonies