The Reformation and the Scientific Revolution

1
The Reformation and the Scientific Revolution

• Chapter 13, sections 3, 4, 5

2
Causes of the Reformation

• The Renaissance had emphasized secular ideas and
  challenged the authority of the Church
• Printing press had spread these ideas
• Often difficult for the Pope to enforce his
  central authority
• Many people who were far from Rome resented
  paying taxes

3
Criticism of the Church

• The leaders were corrupt, spent tax money on
  extravagant lifestyles
• Popes had secret children
• Priests and monks were poorly educated, could
  hardly read

4
Martin Luther

• A monk and teacher
• Unhappy with some religious leaders selling
  indulgences to get you into heaven
• Wrote the 95 Theses (or arguments) in 1517
• Printing press made them widely available
• Only faith and good works can give you salvation
• Church teachings should be based on the Bible
  only (not the Pope)
• All people with faith are equal, and should not
  need priests to interpret the Bible for them

5
Response to Martin Luther

• Pope Excommunicated Luther in 1520
• Emperor of Spain Declared Luther an outlaw and
  heretic, forbid anyone to shelter him
• Lutheranism founded, rather than trying to reform
  Catholic Church
• Peasants revolted and pillaged monasteries (1524)
• Those who supported Luther became known as
  Protestants

6
Switzerlands Reformation

• People in Switzerland also had problems with the
  Catholic Church
• John Calvin agreed with a lot of what Martin
  Luther said, but also believed in predestination
• For Calvinists, there were 2 kinds of people
  saints and sinners
• People loved Calvinism, and by the late 1500s, it
  had spread into Germany, France, the Netherlands,
  England, and Scotland

7
Questions to think about

• Why did the sale of indulgences become a critical
  issue during the Renaissance, but not during the
  Middle Ages?
• Page 246 Similarities and differences between
  Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism

8
England Becomes Protestant

• Broke with Catholic Church for political reasons
  (1527)
• Henry VIII wanted to divorce or annul his wife
  Catherine, Pope did not allow it
• (He wanted a son, but Catherine only had Mary)
• 2nd wife had Elizabeth I
• 3rd had Edward

• King Henry VIII

9

• Henry was furious that the Pope would not allow
  him to divorce or annul, so he decided to take
  things into his own hands
• He kept most Catholic traditions, but took the
  power of the Church in England away from the Pope
  and gave it to himself
• Ransacked monasteries and and took the land and
  wealth
• He executed many Catholics who disagreed with
  him, including many who had been close friends

10
Religious Turmoil

• When Henry VIII died in 1547, he had only one
  surviving son, even though he had married 6 times
• 9 year old Edward became King, and with
  Protestant advisors, made England Protestant
• Edward was a sick child, and died when he was 15.
  
• His half-sister Mary, from Henrys first
  marriage, became Queen
• Mary was determined to bring England back to
  Catholicism, and had thousands of Protestants
  burned at the stake

11
Queen Elizabeth

• Mary died of cancer, and her half-sister
  Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) became Queen
• Elizabeth looked for ways to compromise, and
  decided to make England a Protestant country
  while keeping many Catholic traditions

12
The Scientific Revolution

• The Renaissance and Reformation signaled the
  breakdown of the medieval worldview
• In the mid-1500s, the Scientific Revolution
  showed that people had found new ways of thinking
  about the world around them
• The big idea behind the Scientific Revolution is
  that mathematical law determines nature and the
  universe

13

• We are going to jigsaw chapter 13, section 5!