A Scientific & Intellectual Revolution Foundation in the

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A Scientific Intellectual Revolution
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Foundation in the Renaissance

• Renaissance spirit
• Questioning leads to scientific achievements
• Use of reason and logic (not medieval
  superstition)
• Scientific method and experimentation
• Search for truth in science scientific progress
• Renaissance artists contributed by close
  attention to detail focus on perspective and
  proportions
• Printing press helped spread ideas

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Foundation cont.

• Built upon writings of Greeks Romans
  (Aristotle, Archimedes, Plato, Ptolemy)
• Developed the scientific method of observation
  and experimentation
• Challenged medieval superstition
• Uncovered much knowledge of the physical world
  (new technology telescope, microscope)

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Achievements

• Ptolemy Geocentric Theory
• Earth is center of universe, planets revolve
  around it
• Copernicus Heliocentric Theory
• The sun is the center of the solar system
• The earth revolves around the sun (axis)
• Disproved Ptolemys theory

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Achievements cont.

• Kepler German astronomer mathematician
• Laws of planetary motion
• However, planets follow an elliptical, not
  circular orbit in revolving around the sun

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Achievements cont.

• Galileo Italian astronomer and physicist
• Greatly improved the telescope
• Further confirmed Copernican theory
• Also found mountains, several moons around
  Jupiter, sunspots, etc.
• Found himself increasingly under suspicion by the
  Catholic Church
• First thermometer

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Achievements

• Newton English mathematician, astronomer,
  physicist
• Calculated the law of motion and gravity
• Invented mathematical analysis called calculus
• Discovered laws of light and color

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Achievements cont

• Boyle English chemist
• Discovered the law of gases that is fundamental
  to modern chemistry
• Leeuwenhoek Dutch naturalist
• Perfected the microscope
• Microorganisms
• Studied the previously invisible world of
  bacteria, protozoa, animal and plant cells

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Achievements cont.

• Vesalius Flemish physician
• Dissections of the human body
• Founded the science of anatomy
• Harvey English physician
• Demonstrated that blood circulates through the
  body
• Heart pumps blood
• Furthered the study of medicine

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Achievements, cont.

• Sir Francis Bacon
• Developed scientific method
• Use of reason in research
• Inductive principles from specifics to general
  conclusions
• Louis Pasteur
• Use of heat to kill organisms
• Pasteurization of milk
• Edward Jenner
• Smallpox vaccine

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Achievements

• Gregor Mendel
• Founder of science of genetics
• Recognized inheritance of certain traits
• Carl Linnaeus
• System of classifying living things into groups
• Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Class, Species, etc.

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Achievements (women) cont.

• Margaret Cavendish scientist humans have no
  power over nature
• Maria Winkelmann discovered a comet
• No women invited to the academies (Royal Society
  of England, French Academy of Science)
• Little changed about roles of women

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The Enlightenment

• Intellectual movement based in the scientific
  revolution
• Focus on reason
• Could apply the scientific method to
  understanding of all life
• Began to apply reason to governments
• Following natural law would lead to progress

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The Philosophes

• Intellectuals known by this name but not all were
  French
• Literary people, professors, journalists,
  economists, political scientists, social
  reformers
• Came from all classes
• An international movement
• Rational criticism could be applied to everything

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Five Beliefs

• Reason truth discovered by logic
• Nature what is natural is good
• Happiness secularism
• Progress society can improve
• Liberty political freedoms (rights)

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Contributions cont.

• Blaise Pascal sought to keep science and
  religion together not mutually exclusive
• But trend to secularization (seeing the world as
  material not spiritual)

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Contributions

• Rene Descartes Discourse on Method
• Idea of doubt
• Supported only those things that reason said were
  true rejects assumptions
• I think, therefore I am
• Rationalism use the mind or reason to
  understand the world
• Developed analytical geometry

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The Philosophes

• John Locke every person is born a tabula rasa
  (blank slate) knowledge from environment, not
  heredity
• Two Treatises of Government
• 1. People possess natural rights of life, liberty
  property
• 2. Governments exist by the consent of the
  governed (i.e. the PEOPLE put them there)
• 3. Governments are to protect these rights
• 4. The people may replace a government that fails
  to protect these rights
• Basis for the Declaration of Independence Bill
  of Rights

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The Philosophes

• Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws
• Separation of Powers into 3 Branches WHY?
• 1. Legislative makes laws
• 2. Executive enforces (executes) laws
• 3. Judicial interprets laws
• Checks and balances each branch limited and
  controlled the others (examples?)
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Slavery, torture, religious persecution,
  censorship are wrong
• Basis for the U.S. Constitution

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The Philosophes

• Voltaire - Candide
• Rationalist Criticized Church but favored
  religious tolerance (deist)
• Free speech, religion, press hated prejudice and
  superstition
• I disagree with what you say but will defend to
  the death your right to say it.
• Deism god was the creator but the universe then
  ran according to natural laws and forces
• Denis Diderot strongly criticized Christianity
  (fanatical and unreasonable) wrote a vast
  Encyclopedia of science, arts, etc.

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The Philosophes

• Rousseau - The Social Contract
• Society agreed to be governed
• Individuals must abide by the majority (popular
  sovereignty) will of the people
• Man is born free and everywhere he is in
  chains.
• Rich should not enjoy special privileges
• Emile focused on importance of education
  should foster, rather than restrict childrens
  natural instincts.

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The Philosophes

• Cesar Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments
• Focused on justice system
• Criticized torture, cruelty, capital punishment
• Death Penalty
• Criticized irregular and slow trials
• Where do we see these things addressed in our
  country today?

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Other contributions

• Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations
• Natural law should apply to the economy
• Supply and demand
• 2. People should pursue their own economic
  self-interests
• 3. Government should protect society, defend its
  citizens, keep up public works but leave the
  economy alone - laissez faire (hands off)
• Foundation of capitalism
• 4. Competition is a key element of capitalism

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Women in the Enlightenment

• Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights
  of Women
• Feminism (womens rights) - Criticized men who
  said governments have too much power over people
  same as men having too much power over women
• Education is the key to womens rights
• Enlightenment is based on reason if women have
  reason, they should have the same rights as men
• Salons elegant rooms where philosophers men,
  discussed, socialized