Section I: The Scientific Revolution (Pages 412-418)

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Section I The Scientific Revolution (Pages
412-418)

• This section is about
• How scientific discoveries of the 1500s and
  1600s challenged the teachings of established
  political and religious groups.
• How the scientific method played a key role in
  encouraging people to rely on evidence and proof.

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• Everything we talk about for a few days is summed
  up on page 412.
• What are the people doing in the picture on
  412/413?
• I also like the chart on page 413 should we do
  those?

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This is a brief picture of what this whole
chapter is about
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The Scientific RevolutionRevolutionary Thinking

• I think you know at least two of the vocabulary
  words (from Science class).
• The Main Ideas letter A is the big one.
• All this is going on about the same time as the
  Protestant Reformation.
• Usually when you hear revolution you think war,
  but this is about a dramatic change in how
  people think about the world.

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The Old View

• In the Middle Ages, people were still thinking
  about the world based on the ideas of the Greeks
  and Romans (1500 years earlier?).
• They explained events by observation and
  explanation.
• They observed the world, used logic, and formed
  ideas about what they saw.
• But they didnt really test their ideas to see if
  their reasoning and conclusions were accurate.
• ..

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• During the Renaissance and Reformation people
  looked to the past for ideas.
• Humanists turned to the writings of ancient
  philosophers / Religious leaders looked to the
  Bible and early Christian writing for answers.
• One of the people they looked to was Ptolemy who
  studied the stars and planets. He discovered
  the earth was the center of the universe and
  everything revolved around it.
• Church leaders said God created all things and
  Gods greatest creations (Earth and man) had to
  be the center of it all.
• As more and more people read and learned on their
  own (printing press), they began to question some
  things.
• This led to a new way of thinking the
  Scientific Revolution.

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Nicholas Copernicus and Watchers of the Stars
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• Copernicus (Polish) was a scholar who studied the
  stars.
• His goal was to bring the ideas of Ptolemy up to
  date, but the more he studies, the more he
  realized Ptolemy was WRONG.
• Just before he died, Copernicus came up with a
  heliocentric version of the universe (and earth
  was just one of several planets that revolved
  around the sun.

(The Sun is in the center)
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• Well, no one wants to give up on ideas (and
  facts) that had been around for thousands of
  years and especially the Roman Catholic Church.
• People kept studying and began to realize
  Copernicus was right.
• Two astronomers who backed up Copernicus were
  Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler (Brahes student
  - who also figured out planets move in oval
  paths).

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Galileo Galilei

• Galileo also supported the ideas of a
  sun-centered solar system.
• He went to Pisa to study medicine, but became
  interested in math and science.
• When he learned someone had invented a telescope,
  he made a better more powerful one and gathered
  new information about the universe.
• He could see the moons surface (rough), and the
  sun (spots) and the moons of Jupiter (4 of them).
• This showed not all things rotated around Earth.
• .

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• Again people werent too happy about this (the
  Catholic Church).
• They thought this was a direct threat to
  religion. Galileo was told by church leaders to
  back off.
• Finally, he was ordered to an Inquisition.
• They tried to force him to deny his ideas (and
  those of Copernicus).
• He wouldnt and was placed on house arrest for
  the rest of his life.
• He never changed his views (and kept studying and
  writing).

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A New Scientific MethodChampions of the New
Science

• In the 1600s this kind of scientific thinking
  (the Scientific Revolution) slowly gained
  acceptance.
• Francis Bacon was a man interested in scientific
  facts. He said direct observation of facts leads
  to the truth, so scientists should first gather
  facts, study and test them, and then form a
  conclusion.
• .

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• Rene Descartes believed nature and philosophy
  should be studied by mathematical analysis.
• He believed everything but God and the human soul
  could be viewed as mechanical.
• Complex ideas could be broken down into smaller
  steps.
• He also believed a person should always begin
  studying by doubting EVERYTHING.

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The Methods of Science

• The approach of these men is still used today
  the scientific method.
• This includes careful gathering and explaining of
  information.
• Make careful observations of the world around
  you.
• Study the observations of others
• Develop a possible hypothesis (explanation).
• Test the hypothesis to see if it explains the
  observation.
• See if someone else would get the same results.
• Yes? Good hypothesis
• No? Modify or reject the hypothesis.

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Science Continues to Advance
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• European monarchs actually helped these
  scientists at first you might not think they
  would.
• They tried to bring together teams of scientists
  and paid for the research they did.

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Isaac Newton

• Newton was a brilliant mathematician (credited
  with inventing calculus).
• Hes the first person to explain the laws of
  force and motion in the universe.
• His greatest discovery the law of gravity (a
  force that pulls objects towards each other).
• The Sun has the most mass in the solar system,
  and gravity holds the other planets in their
  orbits.
• He also explained why planets travel in oval
  paths.
• He studied light and was the first to explain why
  objects have color.
• Newton used science to show the universe was
  orderly and worked by natural laws.

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Finish the rest on your own
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Other Discoveries

• Chemists began to study the gasses that make up
  the air (hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
  were discovered).
• The true nature of fire was discovered.
• The microscope helped see really small things
  (red blood cells, bacteria, and small forms of
  life).
• Chemistry improved with thermometers, barometers,
  and air pumps.
• A steam engine was invented.
• The invention and production of machines with
  small parts helped scientists they needed to
  invent things to help them discover new things.

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This is the last slide for today
Make sure page "A" is completed
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