EUKARYOTIC DIVERSITY

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EUKARYOTIC DIVERSITY
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EUKARYOTES VS PROKARYOTES

• LARGER
• LESS ADVANTAGEOUS SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO
• EXTENSIVE INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE SYSTEM
• ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
• INCREASED METABOLISM

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OTHER DIFFERENCES

• TUBULIN PROTEINS
• CYTOSKELETON
• MULTIPLE MOLECULES OF DNA
• MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS
• MITOSIS AND SOMETIMES MEIOSIS
• ABILITY TO DIFFENTIATE, DIVIDE UP A VARIETY OF
  FUNCTIONS AND TO BECOME MULTICELLULAR

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THE EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS

• PROTISTA
• MYCETAE
• ANIMALIA
• PLANTAE

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KINGDOM PROTISTA

• ALGAE AND PROTOZOA

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PROTISTAN CHARACTERISTICS

• UNICELLULAR
• FILAMENTOUS
• COLONIAL
• RUDIMENTARY SPECIALIZATION

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LIFE STYLES OF THE PROTISTANS

• MUTUALISTIC
• COMMENSAL
• PARASITIC
• PREDATORY
• SAPROPHYTIC

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TO MOVE OR NOT TO MOVE

• FLAGELLA OR CILIA
• SOME BY PSEUDOPODIA

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REPRODUCTION OF THE PROTISTA

• ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL

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ASEXUAL

• MOST COMMON
• CAN QUICKLY INCREASE COLONY SIZE
• BINARY FISSION-WITH MITOSIS
• CYTOKINESIS-WITH MITOSIS
• FRAGMENTATION

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SEXUAL

• LESS COMMON

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ALGAL PROTISTS

• PHOTOSYNTHETIC
• MAJORITY MICROSCOPIC
• BEAUTIFULLY COLORED
• A FEW MICRONS TO 200 METERS LONG

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ALGAL CELLS

• EUKARYOTIC
• LARGE CHLOROPLASTS
• CHLOROPHYLL OTHER PIGMENTS
• FLAGELLA OR GLIDING
• EYES SPOTS

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ALGAL HABITATS

• FRESH WATER
• MARINE
• SOIL
• ROCKS
• PHYTOPLANKTON

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ALGAL DIVISIONS

• PHAEOPHYTA
• RHODOPHYTA
• CHLOROPHYTA
• BACILLARIOPHYTA
• DINOFLAGELLATA

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE ALGAE

• FORM BASIS OF AQUATIC FOOD CHAINS
• PRODUCE MUCH OF EARTHS OXYGEN SUPPLY
• INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
• FOOD AND COSMETIC USES ALSO

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ALGAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS

• PROTOTHECA
• NONPHOTOSYNTHETIC
• SKIN SUBCUTANEOUS INFECTIONS

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RED TIDES EFFECTS ON HUMANS

• MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES
• TOXINS KILL INTERTIDAL ANIMALS
• PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING
• CIGUATERA

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• FRAGMENTATION
• BINARY FISSION
• MITOSIS

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• HIGHLY COMPLEX
• SIMILAR TO FUNGI

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PROTOZOA

• FIRST ANIMALS

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PROTOZOA

• 65,000 SPECIES
• SINGLE CELLED
• WATER
• SOIL
• ANIMAL INVERTEBRATE GUTS

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PROTOZOA LIFESTYLES

• HARMLESS
• FREELIVING
• PARASITIC
• SYMBIOTIC

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PROTOZOA STRUCTURE

• EUKARYOTIC
• HIGHLY SPECIALIZED ORGANELLES
• ECTOPLASMA
• ENDOPLASMA

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ECTOPLASMA

• LOCOMOTION
• FEEDING
• PROTECTION

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ENDOPLASMA

• NUCLEUS
• MITOCHONDRIA
• FOOD CONTRACTILE VACUOLES

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STRUCTURE OF PROTOZOA

• SOME HAVE ORGANELLES THAT ACT LIKE NERVOUS
  SYSTEMS
• LACK CELL WALLS
• MAY HAVE SHELLS OF SILICON DIOXIDE OR CALCIUM
  CARBONATE
• 3 - 300 MICRONS

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NUTRITION HABITAT

• HETEROTROPHIC
• FREE LIVING SCAVENGERS
• PREDATORS

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DIDINIUM

• DEVOURS OTHER CILIATES

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PROTOZOAL HABITATS

• FRESH WATER
• MARINE
• TERRESTRIAL
• LAND
• ANIMALS
• MOISTURE LIMITING FACTOR

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LIFE CYCLES

• TROPHOZOITE --MOTILE FEEDING STAGE
• CYST--STAGE

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CYST STAGE

• TROPHOZOITE ROLLS UP INTO BALL
• ECTOPLASM SECRETES TOUGH THICK CUTICLE
• RESISTANT TO HEAT, DRYING, AND CHEMICALS

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CYST DISPERSAL

• AIR CURRENTS

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FLAGELLATES

• LONGITUDINALLY

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF CILIATES

• TRANSVERSELY

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SCHIZOGANY

• SOME PARASITIC SPECIES
• MULTIPLE FISSIONS

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• SYNGAMY
• CONJUGATION

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SURVEY OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES

• COMMON IN NUMBER
• LIMITED IN CAUSES
• TROPICS SUBTROPICS
• PARISITOLOGY

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PHYLA

• SPOROZOA
• CILOPHORA
• MASTIGOPHORA
• SARCODINA

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CILOPHORA

• MOVE BY WAY OF CILIA

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BALANTIDIUM COLI

• LARGEST CILIATE PROTOZOAN FOUND IN HUMANS
• FOUND IN PIGS, HUMANS AND OTHER LARGE PRIMATES
• TRANSMITTED
• FECAL ORAL ROUTE
• PERSON TO PERSON
• IN WATER

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CAUSES ULCERATIVE COLITIS

• SIMILAR TO AMEBIASIS
• ENCYSTS

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SYMPTOMS

• MAY LEAVE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND ENTER LIVER UNGS
  AND UROGENITAL TRACT
• DIARRHEA AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISCOMFORT
• MAY BE ASYMPTOMATIC IN SOME PEOPLE
• CARRIERS

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SPOROZOA

• NOT MOTILE AS MATURE FORMS
• GAMETES MAY BE MOTILE

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TOXOPLASMA GONDII

• TOXOPLASMOSIS
• ACUTE INFECTION
• TRANSMITTED BY CATS

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TOXOPLASMA GONDII
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TOXOPLASMA

• IN LIVER
• CATS
• CATTLE
• PIGS
• CAUSES BIRTH DEFECTS

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THE PATHOGENIC FLAGELLATES

• MASTIGOPHORAHAVE FLAGELLA

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TYPANSOMA BRUCEI

• AFRICA
• 10,000 NEW CASES PER YEAR
• AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

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TSTSE FLY
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TRYPANSOMA CRUZII

• CHAGAS DISEASE
• 10-20 MILLION PER YEAR
• 50,000 DEATHS PER YEAR
• TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD SUCKING VECTORS

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TRYPANSOMA CRUZII

• WARM BLOODED ANIMAL REDUVID BUG
• DOGS, CATS, OPPOSSUMS, ARMADILLOS AND FOXES

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REDUVID BUG

• BITES VICTIM AT CORNER OF MOUTH
• TRANSMISSION FROM BUG TO MAMMAL MAMMAL TO BUG

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TRYPANSOMA CRUZII

• TROPHOZOITE MULTIPLIES IN INTESTINAL TRACT OF
  REDUVID BUG
• HARBORED IN FECES
• BITES HOST MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• DEFECATES ON WOUND
• VICTIMS SCRATCH BITE

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TRYPANSOMA CRUZII

• ESTABLISHES AND MULTIPLIES IN MUSCLE AND WHITE
  BLOOD CELLS

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IMPORTANCE OF CHAGA DISEASE

• IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CARDIOVASCULARE DEATH IN
  SOUTH AMERICA
• INCIDENCE IS HIGH IN BRAZIL
• SOME RURAL AREAS HAVE OVER 50 OF THE POPULATION
  INFECTED

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DISEASE IS PASSED ON WHEN REDUVID BUG BITES AN
INFECTED INDIVIDUAL
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TRYPANSOMA CRUZII

• LONG TERM DISEASE
• MAY CAUSE DEATH
• NO EFFECTIVE TREATM ENT FOR PROGRESSIVE STAGES
• CELLS WILL PERIODICALLY RUPTURE

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OTHER TISSUES INVADED

• LYMPHOID TISSUES
• HEART
• LIVER
• BRAIN

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SYMPTOMS

• RANGE FROM MILD TO SEVERE
• FEVER
• INFLAMMATION
• HEART DAMAGE
• BRAIN DAMAGE

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PHYLUM SPOROZOA

• NO MOTILITY

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MALARIA

• PLASMODIUM SPP
• 100-300 MILLION CASES OF MALARIA PER YEAR
• INTRACELLULAR PARASITE
• MOSQUITOS
• 1 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IN WORLD

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MALARIA

• 1 COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IN WORLD
• ANNUAL INCIDENCE 150 MILLION CASES

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CAUSES OF MALARIA

• PLASMODIUM VIVAX
• PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
• PLASMODIUM OVALE
• PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

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PLASMODIUM VIVAX

• COMMON CAUSE
• TERTIAN MALARIA
• INCUBATION PERIOD 8-24 DAYS 14 AVERAGE
• NOT USUALLY FATAL

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PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

• COMMON CAUSE
• MALIGNANT TERTIAN MALARIA
• INCUBATION PERIOD8-27 DAYS 12 AVERAGE
• HIGH MORTALITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT IMMUNITY

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PLASMODIUM OVALE

• UNCOMMON CAUSE
• INCUBATION PERIOD 9-17 DAYS 15 AVERAGE
• RARELY FATAL

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PLASMODIUM MALARIAE

• UNCOMMON CAUSE
• INCUBATION PERIOD 15-30 DAYS
• RARELY FATAL

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VECTOR

• ANOPHOLES MOSQUITO

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SPOROZOITE

• STAGE THAT IS INFECTIVE TO HUMANS

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DISEASE CYCLE
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SCHIZOGONY IN LIVER CELLS

• PRODUCES UP TO 40,000 MEROZOITES PER SPOROZOITE

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MEROZOITES INVADE ERYTHROCYTES

• CAUSE SEVERE SYMPTOMS
• CAUSE ERYTHROCYTES TO BURST RELEASING LARGE
  NUMBERS OF MEROZOITES THAT INFECT MORE RED BLOOD
  CELLS
• SOME DEVELOP INTO GAMETOCYTES

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MOSQUITOES PICK UP GAMETOCYTES

• GREATEST NUMBER OF GAMETOCYTES ARE PRODUCED IN
  BLOOD AT NIGHT
• SAME TIME MOSQUITOES ARE MOST ACTIVE
• FEMALE MOSQUITO

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MOSQUITOE LIFE CYCLE

• GAMETES FUSE IN STOMACH
• FORM SPOROZOITES
• MIGRATE TO SALIVARY GLAND
• ENTER NEW HOST WHEN MOSQUITOE BITES

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SYMPTOMS

• USUALLY BEGIN ABOUT 2 WEEKS AFTER EXPOSURE
• CHILLS
• FEVER
• HEADACHE
• MUSCLE ACHES
• GENERALLY LAST ABOUT 6 HOURS
• EVERY 48 OR 72 HOURS DEPENDING ON SPECIES

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GENERALLY A CHRONIC DISEASE

• RARELY FATAL
• EXCEPT FOR P. FALCIPARUM

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PREVENTION

• NO VACCINE
• PROPHYLACTIC DRUGS CHLOROQUININE
• INSECT NETTING
• SPRAYS
• DET

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LEISHMANIASIS
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LEISHMANIA TROPICA
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INFECTIVE AMOEBAS

• SARCODINA---MOVE BY PSEUDOPODIA

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GENUS ENTAMOEBA
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ENTAMOEBA HISTYLOTICA

• AMEBIASIS
• THROUGHOUT WORLD
• ALMOST ALWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANS
• FOURTH MOST COMMON PROTOZAL INFECTION

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ENTAMOEBA HISTYLOTICA

• DOESNOT INVOLVE MULTIPLE HOSTS OR INSECT VECTORS
• EITHER TROPHOZOITE OR CYST
• CYST IMPORTANT FOR TRANSMISSION

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DISEASE CYCLE

• STARTS WITH INGESTION OF CYSTS
• PASS THROUGH STOMACH INTO INTESTINES
• GERMINATES INTO LARGE MULTINUCLEATE AMEBA THAT
  DIVIDES INTO SMALLER TROPHOZOITES

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ENTAMOEBA HISTYLOTICA

• TROPHOZOITES MIGRATE TO LARGE INTESTINE
• COLONIZE INTESTINAL SURFACE
• FEED AND GROW ON INTESTINAL CELLS

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ENTAMOEBA HISTYLOTICA

• MAY PASS THROUGH INTESTINE WALL AND INFECT LIVER,
  LUNGS AND SKIN

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SYMPTOMS

• GASTROINTESTINAL DISTURBANCES
• NAUSEA
• DIARRHEA
• WEIGHT LOSS
• DEHYDRATION
• HIGH DEATH RATE WITH NO TREATMENT

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COMPLETION OF LIFE CYCLE

• SOME TROPHOZOITES FORM CYSTS WHICH PASS OUT WITH
  FECES
• GET INTRODUCED INTO OTHER HOSTS

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CONTROL

• SEWAGE TREATEMENT
• STOPPING USE OF HUMAN FECES AS FERTILIZER
• ADEQUATE SANITATION OF FOOD AND WATER

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PARASITIC HELMINTHES
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HELMINTHES

• TAPEWORMS
• FLUKES
• ROUND WORMS
• ONE MM TO 25 YARDS
• PLATYHELMINTHES
• ASCHELMINTHES

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MORPHOLOGY

• MULTICELLULAR
• ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS
• MOST HAVE HIGHLY DEVELOPED REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES

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LIFE CYCLES

• COMPLICATED LIFE CYCLES THAT ALTERNATES HOSTS
• PRIMARILY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• A SINGLE ASCARIS CANLAY 200,000 EGGS DAY PER DAY

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ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS

• PINWORM
• LARGE INTESTINE
• 2 - 12 MM LONG
• CYLINDRICAL SHAPE
• ENTERIBIASIS
• DOES NOT SPREAD BEYOND LARGE INTESTINE

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LIFE CYCLE

• HOST SWALLOWS MICROSCOPIC EGGS
• EGGS HATCH IN INTESTINES
• RELEASE LARVAE THAT MATURE INTO WORMS IN APPENDIX
• FEMALES MATE AND MIGRATE TO ANUS WHERE THEY LAY
  EGGS
• SCRATCHING MAIN METHOD OF DISPERSAL

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MEDICAL IDENTIFICATION OF HELMINTHES

• SHAPE
• SIZE
• DEGREE OF DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANS
• PRESENCE OF HOOKS, SUCKERS OR OTHER STRUCTURES
• REPRODUCTION
• APPEARANCE OF EGGS LARVAE

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IMPORTANCE

• 50 SPECIES THAT AFFLICT HUMANS
• WIDELY DISTRIBUTED
• HIGH INCIDENCE IN TROPICS
• 50,000,000 CASES PER YEAR IN US ALONE

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SURVEY OF THE HELMINTHS

• CESTODES
• ROUNDWORMS

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CESTODES

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MONILIFORMIS MONOLINIFORMIS
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ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSIS
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(No Transcript)
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TAENIA SOLIUM
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DIPHYLIDIUM CANINUM
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ROUND WORMS
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(No Transcript)
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NECATOR AMERICANUS
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ASCARIS

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ASCARIS
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LOA LOA WORM
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ONCHOCERCA VOLVULVUS
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WUCHERIA BANCROFTI
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TRICHURIS TRICHIURA
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STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
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TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
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TREMATODES
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CLONORCHIS
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FASICOLA HAEPATICA
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PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI
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SCHISTOMA
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ARTHROPODS THAT CAUSE DISEASE
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SARCOPTES SCABEI
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SARCOPTES SCABEI
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PHTHIRUS PUBIS
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PEDICULUS HUAMANIS CORPORIS
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FUNGI

• http//www.herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/StudyG
  uide.htm

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KINGDOM MYCETAE

• 100,000 SPECIES
• MACROSCOPIC
• MICROSCOPIC

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MICROSCOPIC FUNGI

• MAJORITY OF FUNGI UNICELLULAR OR FILAMENTOUS
• YEASTS HYPHAE
• DIMORPHIC

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YEASTS
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HYPHAE
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FUNGAL NUTRITION

• HETEROTROPHIC
• SAPROPHYTES
• PARASITES
• EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
• WIDE VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES
• IMPORTANT IN MEDICINE AGRICULTURE
• MYCOSES

133
MICROSCOPIC ORGANIZATION OF FUNGI

• DISCRETE DISTINCTIVE COLONIES
• VERY SIMILAR TO BACTERIAL COLONIES

134
HYPHAL FEATURES
135
COENOCYTIC HYPHAE

• NONSEPTATE
• ONE LONG CONTINUOUS CELL
• MULTIPLE NUCLEI

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SEPTATE HYPHAE

• CROSS WALLS
• SOLID PARTITIONS
• PARTIAL WALLS WITH PORES

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VEGETATIVE HYPAHE

• PENETRATES INTO SUBSTRATE
• DIGESTS AND ABSORBS NUTRIENTS

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REPRODUCTIVE HYPHAE

• AERIAL HYPHAE
• PRODUCE SPORES

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REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE FUNGI

• SIMPLE GROWTH
• FRAGMENTATION
• PRODUCTION OF SPORES

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FUNGAL SPORES
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ASEXUAL SPORES

• PRODUCED BY MITOSIS
• SPORANGIOSPORES
• CONIDIA

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SPORANGIOSPORES
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CONIDIA
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SEXUAL SPORES

• MEIOSIS
• EXPENSIVE PROCESS BUT HAS GENETIC RECOMBINATION
  ADVANTAGE
• MOST FUNGI ARE HAPLOID FOR MOST OF THEIR LIFECYCLE

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• TWO HAPLOID NUCLEI FUSE TO FORM DIPLOID NUCLEUS
• MAJORITY OF FUNGI PRODUCE SEXUAL SPORES

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TYPES OF SEXUAL SPORES

• ZYGOSPORES
• ASCOSPORES
• BASIDIOSPORES

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ZYGOSPORES

• DIPLOID SPORES
• - STRAINS FUSE
• ZYGOTE FORMS
• SWELLS FORMS THICK SPINY WALLS

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ZYGOSPORES

• MEIOSIS OCCURS
• THREE NUCLEI DEGENERATE
• ONE HAPLOID SPORE LEFT

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ZYGOSPORE GERMINATION

• FORMS A SPORANGIUM
• SPORANGIOSPORES DISPERSED

150
PILOBOLUS
151
ASCOSPORES

• ASCUS--SAC
• - STRAIN FORM

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ASCOSPORE FORMATION

• TERMINAL HYPHAE HAVE DIPLOID NUMBER
• FORM AN ASCUS
• UNDERGOES MEIOSIS
• FOUR OR EIGHT HAPLOID SPORES
• SOME HAVE ELABORATE FRUITING BODIES

153
ASCOCARPS
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BASIDIOSPORES

• BASIDIUM--CLUB
• MINUS STRAINS FUSE
• TERMINAL CELLS WITH DIPLOID NUCLEI

• BASIDIUM--CLUB
• MINUS STRAINS FUSE
• TERMINAL CELLS WITH DIPLOID NUCLEI

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BASIDIOSPORES

• FORMS BASIDIUM
• MEIOSIS FORMS FOUR SPORES
• EXTRUDED OUT ONTO STALKS
• FORM BASIDIOSPORES
• FORM BASIDIOCARPS

156
BASIDIOCARPS
157
FUNGAL CLASSIFICATION
158
ZYGOMYCOTA

• MOST SPORANGIOSPORES
• COENOCYTIC HYPHAE
• MOST FREE LIVING SAPROBES
• SOME ANIMAL PARASITES
• CONTAMINANTS IN LABS
• DESTROY FOOD VEGETABLES

• MOST SPORANGIOSPORES
• COENOCYTIC HYPHAE
• MOST FREE LIVING SAPROBES
• SOME ANIMAL PARASITES
• CONTAMINANTS IN LABS
• DESTROY FOOD VEGETABES

159
RHIZOPUS SPORANGIUM
160
RHIZOPUS ZYGOSPORES
161
ASCOMYCOTA

• ASCOSPORES
• CONIDIA
• POROUS SEPTA
• HISTOPLASMAS
• MICROSPORUM
• PENICILLIUM
• SACCHROMYCES

162
BASIDIOMYCOTA

• BASIDIOSPORES
• CONIDIA
• INCOMPLETELY SEPTATE
• SOME PLANT PARASITES
• ONE HUMAN PATHOGENS
• CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

163
DEUTEROMYCOTA

• ONLY ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• SEPTATE HYPHAE
• YEASTS, MOLDS OR DIMORPHIC
• IMPERFECT FORMS OF BLASTOMYCES MICROSPORUM,
  COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, CANDIDA ALBICANS,
  CLADISPORUM

164
MEDICAL IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI

• ISOLATE CULTURE AND OBSERVE

165
TYPES OF MEDIA USED

• CORNMEAL AGAR
• BLOOD AGAR
• SABOURADS AGAR

166
IDENTIFICATION

• ASEXUAL SPORES
• SPORE FORMING STRUCTURES
• HYPHAL TYPE COLONY TEXTURE
• PIGMENTATION
• PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

167
IMPORTANCE OF THE FUNGI

• MOST FREE LIVING
• MOST INFECTION IS DUE TO ACCIDENTAL CONTACT
• HUMANS USUALLY RESISTANT

168
MYCOSES

• FUNGAL DISEASES
• IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
• AIDS
• DIABETES
• CANCER

169
OTHER MEDICAL ASPECTS OF FUNGI

• ALLERGENS
• TOXINS THAT CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL, CELL DAMAGE, OR
  DEATH
• ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
• AFLATOXIN

170
AGRICULTURAL ASPECTS OF FUNGI

• PLANT PATHOGENS
• CROP LOSSES AFTER HARVEST
• ABOUT 40 OF YEARLY FRUIT CROP IS LOST TO FUNGUS

171
BENEFICIAL ROLES OF FUNGI

• DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MATTER
• RETURN ESSENTIAL MINERALS TO SOIL
• ANTIBIOTICS
• ALCOHOL
• ORGANIC ACIDS
• BAKED GOODS

172
SURVEY OF FUNGAL DISEASES
173
TINEA CORPIS
174
TINEA PEDIS
175
TINEA CAPITIS
176
TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
177
CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS
178
CANDIDA