The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

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Kingdom Protista
flagelates e.g., giardiasis, African
sleeping sickness, Chagas disease
dinoflagellates various toxicities, red tides
amoebas (a polyphyletic taxon), e.g.,
amoebic dysentery (a.k.a., amebiasis Entamoeba
histolytica)
slime nets in Kingdom Chromista
plasmodial slime molds
red algae
golden algae
microsporidia (vertebrate intracllular parasiteAI
DS super- infection)
cellular slime molds
e.g., malaria
fish parasites
a.k.a., spironemids, various
heterotrophic flagellates
parasites of invertebrates
ciliates e.g., Balantidium coli
Irish potato famine
brown alge
green alge
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Protista Characteristics

• Five-Kingdom System vs. Three-Domain System
• Paraphyletic (in 5ks)
• Mostly Aerobic, Motile, Aquatic
• Mostly Heterotrophic (also Auto- Mixotrophs)
• Engulfers vs. Adsorbers vs. Algae (autotrophs)
• Algae is a Polyphyletic taxon
• Endomembranes, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Etc.
• Asexual vs. Sexual with no Mitosis in Diploid
  state vs. Alternation of Generation
• Benthic vs. Planktonic
• Important Predators (heterotrophic engulfers)
• Important Producers (the algae, various kinds)

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Jumble of Names

• Rhizopoda (amoebas polyphyletic) (5ks Protista)
• Diplomonadida (Giardia lamblia, Archaezoa
  flagellates) (5ks Protista)
• Parabasala (Trichomonas vaginalis, Archaezoa
  flagellate) (5ks Protista)
• Euglenozoa (Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids,
  Trypanosoma, Archaezoa flagellates) (5ks
  Protista)
• Alveolata (some flagellates, i.e,
  dinoflagellates apicomplexans ciliates) (5ks
  Protista)
• Stramenopila (water molds, diatoms, golden algae,
  brown algae) (5ks Protista)
• Rhodophyta (red algae) (5ks Protista)
• Chlorophyta (green algae, Viridiplantae) (5ks
  Protista)
• Mycetozoa (slime molds, Myxogastrida,
  Dictyostelida) (5ks Protista)

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Protist Diversity
Paramecium
Malaria
Kelp
Giardia
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Quickie Review

• Some of the new terms that you are responsible
  for (in red)
• Rhizopoda (amoebas polyphyletic) (5ks Protista)
• Diplomonadida (Giardia lamblia, Archaezoa
  flagellates) (5ks Protista)
• Parabasala (Trichomonas vaginalis, Archaezoa
  flagellate) (5ks Protista)
• Euglenozoa (Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids,
  Trypanosoma, Archaezoa flagellates) (5ks
  Protista)
• Alveolata (some flagellates, i.e,
  dinoflagellates apicomplexans ciliates) (5ks
  Protista)
• Stramenopila (water molds, diatoms, golden algae,
  brown algae) (5ks Protista)
• Rhodophyta (red algae) (5ks Protista)
• Chlorophyta (green algae, Viridiplantae) (5ks
  Protista)
• Mycetozoa (slime molds, Myxogastrida,
  Dictyostelida) (5ks Protista)

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Early Protist Diversification
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Modern Protist Diversity
Plus Additional Amoeba
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Amoeba proteus
Rhizopoda
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Forams
Foraminifera
Notice the gigantic size of this single cell! The
pseudopodia (food-collecting appendages) of this
specimen form an elaborate network extending
several millimeters from the cell body. The
pseudopodial network (technically called a
"reticulopodium") provides the organism with a
wide foraging range. The reticulopodium also
furnishes a tremendous surface area for the
absorption of dissolved nutrients. The species
shown here reinforces its pseudopods with tough,
sticky, elastic cables that allow it to capture
small crustaceans and the juveniles of larger
invertebrates such as sea urchins and starfish.
It is quite an amazing feat for a single cell to
exploit such a wide range of nutrients -- from
dissolved organic material to multicellular
creatures several times its own size. Such
dietary flexibility is undoubtedly an important
part of the foraminiferal success strategy.
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Protist Diversity
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Giardia lamblia
Diplomonadida
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Protist Diversity
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Trichomonas vaginalis
Parabasala
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Protist Diversity
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Euglena
Euglenoid -- Euglenophyta
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Protist Diversity
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Trypanosoma brucei(African Sleeping
Sicknessspread by Tsetse flies)
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Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Diseasespread by
kissing bugs)
Kinetoplastids
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Protist Diversity
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Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellata
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Protist Diversity
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Plasmodium (Malaria)
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sporozoites
Apicomplexa (sporozoans)
oocyst
merozoites
zygote
gametes
gametocytes
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Protist Diversity
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Ciliate (Paramecium)
Ciliophora
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Tetrahymena spp.
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Balantidium coli
Ciliophora
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Protist Diversity
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Water Mold
Oomycota
Note Unusual (for protists) 2n Mitosis
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Protist Diversity
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Diatoms
Bacillariophyta
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Protist Diversity
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Golden Algae
Chrysophyta
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Protist Diversity
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Brown Algae (e.g., Kelp)
Phaeophyta
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Seaweed Thallus
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Laminaria Heteromorphic
Phaeophyta
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Protist Diversity
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Red Algae
Rhodophyta
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Endosymbiosis
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Secondary Endosymbiosis
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Tertiary Endosymbiosis
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Tertiary Endosymbiosis
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Protist Diversity
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Chlamydomonas (unicellular)
Chlorophyta
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Ulva Isomorphic
Chlorophyta
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Protist Diversity
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Pseudopods
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Plasmodial Slime Mold
Note Unusual (for protists) 2n Mitosis
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Protist Diversity
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Plasmodial Slime Mold
Myxogastrida
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Protist Diversity
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Cellular Slime Mold
Note (usual for protists) no 2n Mitosis
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Cellular Slime Mold
Dictyostelida
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Protist Diversity
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Early Protist Diversification
choanoflagellates
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Choanoflagellate Colony
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Summary
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Link to Next Presentation
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Acknowledgements
http//207.233.44.253/w
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