Systematics: The Science Of Biological Diversity Chapter 12

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Systematics The Science Of Biological
DiversityChapter 12

• Systematics- the scientific study of biological
  diversity and its evolutionary history.

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Theophrastus (370-285 B.C.)

• Father of Botany, student of Aristotle.
• Classified plants based on form.
• Tree
• Shrub
• Undershrub
• Herb

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Atropa belladonna- Solanaceae
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Carol von Linné (1707-1778)

• Swedish naturalist.
• Systema Naturae Species Plantarum.
• Plant descriptions.
• Plant binomials- a two-term system of
  nomenclature.
• Genus and species (specific epithet).
• Example- catnip.
• Nepeta cataria L.
• Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatus pedunculatis

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Nepeta cataria- Lamiaceae
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Taxonomy

• Taxonomy- (gr. taxis- arrangement, nomos- law)
  the science of the classification of organisms.
• Identifying, naming, classifying organisms.
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum- phyta
• Class- phyceae
• Order- ales
• Family- aceae
• Genus
• Species

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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Eukaryote Lineages
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Origin of Cells
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Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
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Species Concepts
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International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN)

• Aim- to provide a stable method of naming
  taxonomic groups.
• Principle I- botanical nomenclature is
  independent of zoological and bacteriological
  nomenclature.
• Principle II- names of taxonomic groups are
  determined by means of nomenclatural types.
• Principle III- nomenclature of a taxonomic group
  is based upon priority of publication.
• Naming- the purpose of giving a name to a
  taxonomic group is not to indicate its characters
  or history, but to supply a means of referring to
  it and to indicate its rank.

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Taxonomic Terminology

• Taxon- a taxonomic group of any rank (plural
  taxa).
• Synonym- two or more names that apply to the same
  taxon.
• Basionym- the original name of a taxon.
• Author/s- the first person or persons to describe
  a taxon.
• Revisionary author/s- the person or persons that
  modified the name.
• Etymology- the derivation, origin, or history of
  a word.
• Type Specimen- a specimen designated to serve as
  a reference point for a scientific name.
• Holotype
• Lectotype

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Taxonomic Names

• Species names consists of the genus name, plus
  the specific epithet.
• Members of a species may be grouped into
  subspecies or varieties.

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How do you identify plants?

• Ask an expert.
• Use a herbarium.
• Compare plant with a written description.
• Use books to picture I.D. specimens.
• Photographs and illustrations.
• Use a dichotomous key.

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Dichotomous Keys

• A method employed for identifying unknown
  organisms.
• A dichotomous key is constructed of a series of
  couplets, each consisting of two separate
  statements.
• 1. Flowers white .................. Plant A
• 1. Flowers red or yellow ..... 2
• 2. Petals red ............ Plant B
• 2. Petals white ........ Plant C

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