Texas and the Natives After the Civil War

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Texas and the Natives After the Civil War
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Natives Control the West

• During the Civil War, troops were moving to the
  East for fighting which allowed Natives
  (Commanche and Kiowa) to control West Texas.

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Natives Control the West

• After the Civil War, troops were stationed back
  in West Texas. There were many problems
• Untrained soldiers against fighting against the
  Natives
• Shortage of supplies and food

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Natives Control the West

• Forts were built too far apart for protecting
  settlers

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Natives Control the West

• Natives knew the land

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Natives Control the West

• Before the Colt six shooter, it took one minute
  to fire and reload a gun. In that time a Native
  could ride 200 yards and shoot 20 arrows. They
  would draw out the settlers fire and then attack
  while they were reloading.

7
Search for Peace 1867

• Agents from the U.S. government met with Natives
  in Kansas and signed a peace treaty called the
  Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek. According to
  this, the Natives agreed to go to the
  reservations in Oklahoma. (Indian Territory)

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Search for Peace 1867

• President Grant set of Indian agents known as
  Quakers who would be friendly in dealing with the
  Natives.

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Peace Policy Fails

• Many Kiowa and Comanche refused to go to the
  reservations. They claimed they were cheated and
  treated badly by agents.

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Peace Policy Fails

• Satanta, Lone Wolf, Ten Bears, and Quanah Parker
  are some of the famous Natives who opposed the
  white settlements moving into Natives land. They
  also wanted to preserve the buffalo.

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Peace Policy Ends 1871

• General William Tecumseh Sherman went to West
  Texas to investigate the Natives raids. While at
  Fort Richardson in Jacksboro, Kiowas led by
  Satanta attacked a wagon train. This was known
  as the Warren Wagontrain Raid.

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Peace Policy Ends 1871

• Satanta returned to the Indian Reservation and
  admitted this raid. He and two others were
  arrested. One of the three was killed while
  trying to escape and the other two sentenced to
  hang.
• Officials in Washington thought that hanging
  chiefs would start major war. They paroled the
  two chiefs and Texans were furious thus ending
  the peace policy.

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Mackenzie Leads Texas Campaigns 1871 1873

• Mackenzie led operations against the Natives. He
  defeated the Comanche in the Panhandle and later
  the Kiowas along the Rio Grande.
• After his operations, Texas was much more
  peaceful than before.

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The Buffalo 1871 1873

• The Natives depended heavily on the buffalo using
  all parts of the buffalo. Buffalo hunters
  started slaughtering the buffaloes for their
  hides only.

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The Buffalo 1871 1873

• A bill was sent to Congress to protect the
  buffalo, but it was killed with the help of
  Philip Sheridan. He was trying to end the plains
  culture.

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The Buffalo 1871 1873

• Without the buffalo, the Native Americans planned
  for war

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Attack on Adobe Walls 1874

• In the Panhandle of Texas, Quanah Parker led
  warriors from 5 Native American nations on an
  attack on buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls.

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Attack on Adobe Walls 1874

• The buffalo hunters were able to hold them off,
  but more Natives left the reservations to join
  the fight.
• Over the next 2 months, Indians killed 190 Anglo
  Americans.

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Red River Campaign 1874 1875

• President Grant called in the troops for a
  massive hunt down of all Natives. Most Natives
  went back to the reservations.

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Red River Campaign 1874 1875

• The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was the most
  decisive of the Red River Campaign. Mackenzie
  led the troops in and captured much of the
  Indians supplies.

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Red River Campaign 1874 1875

• He put down over 1000 horses and destroyed all
  food that the Natives had had. Without supplies
  or shelter most Natives from the Panhandle
  surrendered including Quanah Parker.

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South Texas Renegades

• After the Civil War, many renegades or outlaws
  were raiding settlements and stealing cattle.
  Ranchers were also taking land and herds by
  taking over land owned by people of Mexican
  heritage
• Texas Rangers were called in and only added to
  the problem by mistreating Mexican Americans.

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A New Era Begins 1875

• No longer would the Natives roam freely. Native
  children were sent to schools to teach them new
  ways. Population was almost wiped out of some
  Native nations.
• For Anglos, it meant a time to expand and grow.