Consequences of War and Militarism

1
Consequences of War and Militarism

• Martin Donohoe

2
Outline

• The history and epidemiology of war
• Nuclear weapons
• Chemical weapons
• Biological weapons

3
Outline

• Economic and environmental consequences of
  militarism and war
• Health consequences of militarism and war
• Contemporary conflicts
• Afghanistan, Iraq, War on terror
• Solutions

4
History of War

• Violent conflict ubiquitous in the animal
  kingdom
• Interspecies conflict food, territory
• Intraspecies conflict food, territory, mates
  (usually not directly fatal)
• Violence among non-human primates
• Gorilla infanticide
• Chimps vs. Bonobos

5
Origins of War

• Foragers vs. Agriculturalists
• Agriculture
• Hierarchical society
• Private property
• Money
• Subjugation of women
• Infectious/chronic diseases

6
Origins of War

• Violence Today
• Link with poverty, oppression, fueled by desire
  for wealth/power
• Familial vs. Societal
• Gun culture
• Media Violence

7
Militarism

• The deliberate extension of military objectives
  and rationale into shaping the culture, politics
  and economics of civilian life so that war and
  the preparation for war is normalized, and the
  development and maintenance of strong military
  institutions is prioritized
• An excessive reliance on military power and the
  threat of force in pursuing policy goals in
  international relations

8
Militarism

• Positively correlated with
• Conservatism
• Nationalism
• Religiosity
• Patriotism
• Authoritarianism

9
Militarism

• Negatively correlated with
• Respect for civil liberties
• Tolerance of dissent
• Democratic principles
• Sympathy and welfare toward the troubled and poor
• Foreign aid for poorer nations
• Subverts other societal interests (health,
  environment, education, social programs)

10
History of war

• 10,000 yrs ago agriculture
• Stable populations, division of labor, warrior
  class
• 3500 yrs ago bronze weapons and armor
• 2200 yrs ago iron
• 1900 yrs ago widespread use of horses

11
History of war

• Ninth Century China - bombs developed
• Thirteenth Century China rockets
• Forgotten until the 19th Century
• 1783 Balloon
• Montgolfier brothers
• Prussian general JCG Heyne used for bombing

12
History of War

• 1803-1814 (Napoleonic Wars) English General
  Henry Shrapnel fills cannonballs with bullets and
  exploding charges to increase killing capacity
• 1903 Wright brothers/Kitty Hawk airplane
• 20th Century nuclear submarines, predator and
  other drones, weaponization of Arctic/space

13
History of War

• Belief that each new invention would eliminate
  warfare
• Instead, increased casualties, killing at a
  distance

14
Epidemiology of Warfare

• Deaths in war
• 17th Century 19/million population
• 18th Century 19/million population
• 19th Century 11/million population
• 20th Century 183/million population
• Increasing casualties to civilians
• 85-90 in 20th Century (vs. 10 late 19th Century)

15
War Deaths, 1945-2010
16
Contemporary War Deaths
17
Worldwide Violence (2013)

• 526,000 killed by armed violence/yr
• 396,000 intentional homicides
• 55,000 direct conflict deaths
• 54,000 unintentional homicides
• 21,000 killed during legal interventions
• 7.9 violent deaths/100,000 persons/yr

18
Gun Violence

• U.S. death toll for all wars from the
  Revolutionary War to Afghanistan 1.2 million
  (Congressional Research Service)
• Number killed by firearms since 1968 (suicides,
  homicides, and accidental shootings) 1.4 million
  (CDC)
• More than from all wars in the nations history
  combined (1.2 million)

19
Gun Violence

• Americans own 300 million guns (1 in world in
  privately owned firearms)
• 33,000 deaths/yr due to firearm-related violence,
  suicides, and accidents (highest among
  industrialized countries)
• Plus 80,000 injuries
• Direct indirect societal costs 230 billion/yr

20
Legacies of Colonial Exploitation

• Christopher Columbus log entry upon meeting the
  Arawaks of the Bahamas
• Theybrought usmanythingsThey willingly
  traded everything they ownedThey do not bear
  armsThey would make fine servantsWith fifty men
  we could subjugate them all and make them do
  whatever we want.

21
Legacies of Colonial Exploitation

• Winston Churchill (speaking in favor of RAFs
  experimental bombing of Iraqis in 1920s, which
  killed 9,000 people with 97 tons of bombs)
• I am strongly in favor of using poisoned gas
  against uncivilized tribes to spread a lively
  terroragainst recalcitrant Arabs as an
  experiment

22
Legacies of Colonial Exploitation

• Cecil Rhodes (Rhodesia, Rhodes Scholarship,
  DeBeers Mining Company)
• We must find new lands from which we can easily
  obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit
  the cheap slave labour that is available from the
  natives of the colonies. The colonies would also
  provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods
  produced in our factories.

23
Contemporary Wars

• 250 wars in the 20th Century
• Incidence of war rising since 1950
• Most conflicts within poor states
• Over 30 separate civil wars currently underway
• Most involve U.S.-supplied weapons

24
War Deaths

• Revolutionary War 25,000
• Civil War 625,000
• World War I 17 million
• World War II 60 million
• Korean War 2.9 million
• Vietnam War 3.8 million

25
War Deaths

• Iran-Iraq War 700,000
• Soviet War in Afghanistan 1.5 million
• Second Congo War 3.8 million
• Second Sudanese Civil War 1.9 million

26
War Deaths (as of 12/1/12)

• Second Iraq War
• 4,485 U.S. soldiers
• 17,000 Iraqi military
• Estimates of civilian deaths range from 150,000
  violent deaths to 1 million deaths
• U.S. Afghan War
• Over 2,000 U.S. soldiers 1,200 coalition forces
• Estimated 20,000 civilians

27
Contemporary Wars

• 72 million lives lost in 20th Century wars,
  another 52 million through genocides
• 190 million deaths in 20th Century directly or
  indirectly related to war

28
Contemporary Wars

• 72 million lives lost in 20th Century wars,
  another 52 million through genocides
• WW II first war with more battle deaths than
  deaths from other causes, such as accidents,
  disease, and infections

29
Vietnam War

• US dropped the equivalent of one 500 lb. bomb on
  every person in Vietnam
• Vietnam War 1.5 to 3 million Vietnamese
  casualties 58,000 American
• More US soldiers died of suicide after Vietnam
  than died in combat during the war.
• Gulf War I U.S. planted one land mine for every
  Iraqi citizen

30
Child Soldiers

• Use of child soldiers by 19 countries
• Despite 2008 Child Soldiers Prevention Act, U.S.
  still provides aid to some of these

31
Child Soldiers

• U.S. JROTC
• Total enrollment 560,000
• Youth development program per Pentagon
• One of the best recruiting devices we could
  have Defense Secretary William Cohen, 2000)
• Costs taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars
• Military recruiters have access to students
• Students, parents must actively opt out

32
Wars Promoted Through Militarism

• Military buildups
• Exceptionalism
• Imperialism
• Glorification of war
• Unrealistic expectations

33
Consequences of War

• Deaths, injuries, physical and psychological
  sequelae
• Collapse of health care system affecting those
  with acute and chronic illnesses
• Famine

34
Consequences of War

• 51 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide
• 16.7 million refugees (50 are children under 18)
• 33 million internally displaced persons
• 1.2 million asylum seekers
• 86 of worlds refugees are hosted by developing
  countries

35
Consequences of War

• Environmental degradation
• Augments global warming, which Pentagon calls an
  immediate national security threat
• Increasing poverty and debt
• All lead to recurrent cycles of violence

36
Atomic Weapons - History

• Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
• The day that humanity started taking its final
  exam Buckminster Fuller
• 15 kiloton bomb, 140,000 deaths
• Nagasaki, August 9, 1945
• 22 kiloton bomb, 70,000 casualties
• Hydrogen bomb exploded at Bikini Atoll (1,000
  times stronger than Hiroshima weapon) - 1954

37
The Hiroshima Bomb
38
Atomic Explosion
39
Atomic Weapons Other Victims

• Hundreds of thousands of hibakusha atomic bomb
  survivors
• 1054 U.S. nuclear tests since 1940s, 331 in
  atmosphere

40
Atomic Weapons Other Victims

• 80,000 cancers (15,000 fatal) in US citizens as a
  result of fallout from atmospheric testing
• NCI/CDC
• Thousands of illnesses and deaths, higher CA risk
  in 600,000 former employees
• - DOE

41
Atomic Weapons Today

• Approximately 17,300 nuclear weapons in at least
  9 countries
• Down from over 71,000 at height of Cold War
• 4,300 active U.S./Russian warheads today
• 1,800 on hair-trigger alert
• Several thousand megatons (100,000 Hiroshimas)

42
Atomic Weapons Today

• Vastly redundant arsenal
• 150-200 weapons adequate to destroy all major
  urban centers in Russia
• U.S. planning to spend 250 billion on new
  nuclear weapons and delivery systems over the
  next few decades

43
Atomic Weapons Today

• Accidental intermediate-sized launch of weapons
  from a single Russian submarine would immediately
  kill 6.8 million Americans in 8 cities

44
Nuclear Weapons Oops!

• Pentagon 32 nuclear weapons accidents since 1950
• GAO 233
• Since 1950, 10 nuclear weapons lost and never
  recovered
• All laying on seabed, potentially leaking
  radioactivity

45
Effects of a Nuclear Explosion

• Immediate
• Vaporized by thermal radiation
• Crushed by blast wave
• Burned and suffocated by firestorm

46
Effects of a Nuclear Explosion

• Intermediate
• Suffering, painful deaths
• Health care personnel/resources overwhelmed
• Famine
• Refugees
• Devastated transportation infrastructure

47
Effects of a Nuclear Explosion

• Late effects
• Cancer
• Psychological trauma (PTSD, anxiety, depression)
• nuclear winter (mass starvation due to disruption
  of agricultural, transportation, industrial and
  health care systems)

48
Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosion

• Ground zero - 2 miles
• Within 1/100 second fireball hotter than sun
  everything vaporized
• 2 - 4 miles
• 25 psi pressures 650 mph winds
• Buildings ripped apart and leveled

49
Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosion

• 4 - 10 miles
• 7 10 psi 200 mph winds
• Sheet metal melts concrete buildings heavily
  damaged (all others leveled)
• 16 miles
• 100 mph winds, firestorm, T 1400 C
• 100 mortality

50
Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosion

• 21 miles
• 2 psi 100 mph winds
• Shattered glass, flying debri
• 29 miles
• 3 burns over all exposed skin
• 40 miles
• Retinal burns blind all who witness explosion

51
Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosion over
Boston (1998 study)

• Death toll
• 1,000,000 within minutes
• 1,800,000 survivors
• 1,100,000 fatally injured
• 500,000 with major injuries
• 200,000 without injuries

52
Types of Injuries

• Burns
• Blindings
• Deafenings
• PTX
• Fxs
• Shrapnel wounds

53
Radiation Sickness

• Very high dose cerebral edema, N/V/D, speech
  and gait difficulties, convulsions, coma, death
  within 1-2 days
• Medium doses N/V/D ? resolves ? recurrent
  hematemesis, bloody D ? majority die
• Low doses BM failure, infections, bleeding,
  sores, death

54
Effects on health professionals

• 70 killed or fatally wounded
• 15 injured
• lt 1000 survive

55
Effects on health care system

• Most major hospitals destroyed
• EMS system debilitated
• No X-ray machines, electricity, water,
  antibiotics or other meds, blood/plasma, bandages
• 2000 burn unit beds in US (100 per major city)
  essentially destroyed

56
Effects on Health Care System

• 1500 patients/doctor
• 10 min/pt
• 4 hours sleep/noc
• 2 weeks to see all injured

57
Ultimate Outcomes

• Boston (pop. 2.8 million in 1998)
• gt 2.5 million dead after one month
• More than 6x as many Americans as died in WW II

58
Abolition of Nuclear Weapons

• Supported by
• APHA
• AMA
• ACP
• IPPNW
• PSR
• Global political and military leaders

59
Health hazards of the Nuclear Cycle

• Ecosystem degradation e.g., Marshall Islands
• Uranium mining 5-fold increase in lung cancer
• Depleted uranium
• increased stillbirths, birth defects, childhood
  leukemias, other cancers in Southern Iraq
• Possible increase in lung CA in U.S. soldiers
  (data sparse)

60
Nuclear Waste

• 67,000 metric tons of nuclear wasted in US
• Most stored in overcrowded cooling pools
• 1/3 Americans live within 50 miles of nuclear
  waste
• On-site storage
• 118 commercial reactors
• 10 weapons plants
• 37 research reactors

61
Nuclear Waste DisposalHanford, WA

• Site of plutonium production for first atom bomb
  (and most of U.S. nuclear arsenal)
• Decommissioned at end of Cold War (1971)
• More than 210 million liters of radioactive and
  chemical waste stored in 177 deteriorating
  underground storage tanks at Hanford, WA
• 60 have leaked on site
• Potential risks to nearby Columbia River

62
Nuclear Waste DisposalHanford, WA

• Plan vitrification and underground storage
• Most complex and costly environmental restoration
  ever attempted (current price tag 12.3 billion
  and increasing finish date 2019?)
• Site plagued by leaks, cost overruns, underfunding

63
Nuclear Waste Disposal

• Skull Valley, Goshute Indian Reservation, Utah
• Private fuel storage consortium
• Temporary storage of 44,000 tons of high-level
  nuclear waste
• Bribes to tribes environmental injustice
• Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, New Mexico
• Defense Dept. waste

64
Nuclear Waste Disposal Yucca Mountain

• On DOE land claimed by Western Shoshone Nation
  under the Ruby Valley Treaty of 1863
• 100 miles from Las Vegas
• Near aquifer and earthquake fault

65
Nuclear Waste Disposal Yucca Mountain

• Est. 100,000 shipments of 70,000 120,000 tons
  of waste over 25 yrs
• Coming within ½ mile of 50 million Americans
• Est. 200-350 accidents
• Nuclear roulette
• After 9 billion spent, plan cancelled (2010)
  other options being considered

66
Nuclear Waste Disposal

• DOE has proposed recycling radioactive scrap
  metal into consumers goods and health care
  devices
• E.g., silverware, pots and pans, eyeglasses,
  braces, pacemakers, artificial joints

67
Nuclear Waste

• 111,000 cubic yards of radioactive debris from
  detonation of 67 nuclear bombs ( 1.6 Hiroshimas)
  over Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958)
  stored in unlined pit under Runit Dome
• Contents at risk of leaking into ocean as sea
  levels rise due to global warming
• Displaced islanders not adequately compensated

68
Nuclear Power Plants
69
Nuclear Power Plants

• 100 plants operating in US
• Aging, equipment failures (8 from 3/00-4/01 ?
  shutdowns)
• 2011 40 failed basic fire safety standards 12
  have not fully implemented terrorism prevention
  requirements
• 441 plants worldwide (in 31 countries, generate
  17 of planets electricity)
• 60 plants in Russia
• ? Condition, safety

70
Nuclear Power

• Supply of uranium for fission to run out by 2050
• Alternate sources
• MOX (mixed oxide) fuel (reprocessed spent fuel
  plutonium and uranium)
• Breeder reactors make more fuel (plutonium)
  than they consume
• Fission currently impractical

71
Nuclear Power Plant Accidents

• Three Mile Island (1979)
• 50,000 to 100,000 excess deaths
• Chernobyl, USSR, 1986 - nuclear power plant
  explosion
• 200 times the radiation of Hiroshima Nagasaki
• 25-100 died immediately, up to 1,000 injured
  acutely, NCI estimates 10-75K thyroid cancers
  (other estimates much lower)
• Some estimates as high as almost 1 million deaths
• NY Acad Sci, 2010

72
Chernobyl

• Higher risk of neural tube defects and childhood
  leukemia among those living near nuclear power
  plants
• Anxiety a major problem
• Ukraine still spends 6 of its GDP each year on
  Chernobyl-related matters
• 2.1 billion structure will seal off reactor for
  100 yrs.

73
Nuclear Accidents Fukushima

• 2nd largest nuclear power plant disaster after
  Chernobyl
• 50 early casualties
• Reactor built by GE (also responsible for Indian
  Point plant, 40 miles from NYC)

74
Nuclear Accidents Fukushima

• GE has built 91 nuclear power plants in 11
  countries, including 23 plants at 11 sites in
  U.S.
• Full, long term costs and consequences still
  unknown
• Yet in 2012, Nuclear Regulatory Commission allows
  Southern Company to build and operate 2 new
  nuclear power plants in Georgia

75
Nuclear Power Plants

• For every US plant that has its license renewed,
  12 additional cancer deaths (NRC)
• Plus any deaths from accidents, non-routine
  releases, high level waste and spent fuel

76
Nuclear Power Plants

• Nuclear power industry receives billions of
  dollars in taxpayer subsidies
• Since 1948, federal government has spent 95
  billion on nuclear R and D (4 times the amount
  spent on solar wind geothermal biomass, biofuels,
  and hydropower combined)
• Nuclear power non-viable compared to green power
  without subsidies
• Nuclear industrys liability coverage supported
  by federal government through 2025(Price Anderson
  Act)

77
Nuclear Power Plants

• Prior to London Convention(1972, revised 1993),
  which prohibits dumping of radioactive waste at
  sea, U.S. considered dumping decommissioned
  nuclear reactors into the worlds oceans
• Precautionary principle

78
Nuclear Power Plants/Nuclear Waste

• Many plants close to major population centers
• 40,000 metric tons of spent fuel at 110 reactor
  sites in U.S.
• Target for terrorists

79
Nuclear Terrorism

• Attack on nuclear power plant or other nuclear
  installation
• 47 of nuclear plants failed to repel mock
  terrorist attacks conducted by the NRC in the
  1990s
• Axles of Evil
• 600 employees, 250 million, weekly shipments of
  nuclear material along major US highways
• Potential for accidents, terrorist attacks

80
Nuclear Terrorism

• Dirty bomb
• Potential tens to hundreds of thousands of
  deaths, billions of dollars of damage, chaos
• Numerous radiation sources left over from Cold
  War in post-Soviet countries

81
Nuclear Terrorism

• Collapse of Soviet Union 15,000 nuclear warheads
  and enough highly-enriched uranium and plutonium
  to make 60,000 more
• More than 90 of Russias fissile materials are
  located in 171 buildings, only 11 of which have
  been fully secured
• 175 cases of nuclear trafficking from 1993 2001
  (NRC)

82
Nuclear Terrorism

• Reports of weapons missing from Soviet arsenal
• Non-proliferation efforts, including the DOEs
  Nuclear Cities Initiative, get a fraction of 1
  of the defense budget, further cuts planned
• The Nth Country experiment (1964) 3 science
  post-docs with no nuclear know-how designed a
  working atom bomb

83
Nuclear Accidents

• Pentagon Over 550 mistakes, malfunctions, and
  false alarms as of 2012
• 8 nuclear submarines at bottom of sea leaking
  uranium and plutonium
• 11 nuclear weapons lost (most on bottom of ocean)

84
Chemical Weapons

• 428 BC Athenians and Spartans burned wax, pitch
  and sulfur
• DaVinci arsenic and sulfur shells
• WW I
• Italians vs. Ethiopians
• Japanese vs. Chinese
• Germans vs. Allies
• Fritz Haber chlorine gas
• 91,000 deaths and 1.3 million injuries

85
Chemical Weapons

• Egypt vs. South Yemen (1963-7)
• Agent Orange (contains carcinogenic, feto-toxic
  dioxin)
• Defoliant herbicide
• Manufacturer Dow Chemical
• Six lbs per person dumped by US on South Vietnam
  (1/10 area of South Vietnam)
• 1 million victims (birth defects, cancers, etc.)

86
Chemical Weapons

• Iran/Iraq War (1980s) sarin, nerve gas, mustard
  gas
• Gulf War (versus Kurds, ? Others)

87
Gulf War Syndrome

• Real per Congressionally-mandated scientific
  panel, 2008
• 30-60 of vets affected per VA study
• Symptoms Memory loss, lack of concentration,
  neuropathic pain, depression, rashes, sleep
  disturbances, GI distress, muscle and joint pain
• Linked to cholinergic abnormalities, genetic
  susceptibility, exposure to pyridostigmine
• Brain damage noted on fMRI

88
Chemical Weapons

• 1995 Tokyo subway attack by Aum Shrinko cult
  using sarin
• 12 dead, 5000 injured or incapacitated
• 1994-5 U.S. in Bosnia and 2004-5 U.S. vs Iraqis
  (depleted uranium)
• 2004-5 U.S. vs Iraqis and 2008-9 Israel vs
  Palestinians (white phosphorus)
• 2012 Libya (mustard gas) and Syria (sarin)

89
Types of Chemical Weapons

• Nerve gasses / paralytics
• E.g., sarin, VX
• S/S paralysis (incl. resp. muscles), headache,
  dizziness, N/V
• Rx gas masks, pretreatment with
  pyridostigmine, decontamination, antidotes
  (atropine, pralidoxime, diazepam, tropicamide)

90
Types of Chemical Weapons

• Blistering agents
• E.g., sulphur mustard
• S/S burns, blindness, pulmonary toxicity, BM
  suppression, N/V/D
• Rx decontamination, analgesia, pulmonary and eye
  care

91
Types of Chemical Weapons

• Pulmonary toxicants
• E.g., chlorine, phosgene
• S/S pneumonitis, laryngeal spasm, pulmonary
  edema, ARDS
• Rx O2, bronchodilators, corticosteroids,
  ?ibuprofen, ?acetylcysteine

92
Chemical WeaponsVietnam and Napalm
93
Chemical WeaponsVietnam and Napalm
94
Chemical WeaponsVietnam and Napalm
95
Chemical Weapons

• 1972 Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention
  prohibits development, production, and
  stockpiling
• US and Russia still have significant stockpiles
• US has destroyed 90 ( 30,500 tons), plans to
  complete job by 2017
• 480 US chemical facilities each put 100,000 or
  more Americans at risk of poison gas disaster

96
Other Chemical WeaponsTear gas

• Use in civil and political unrest
• Causes eye, skin and pulmonary toxicity, N/V,
  photophobia and headache, trauma due to blast
• Rx wash skin, flush eyes, IVF, humidified O2,
  bronchodilators prn, prophylactic antibiotics

97
Other Chemical WeaponsPepper Spray

• Derived from cayenne peppers (contains 10-15
  oleoresin capsicum)
• 1.5-2 million Scoville unit heat rating
• Jalapeño pepper 2500-5000 Scoville units
• Habañero pepper (worlds hottest) 300,000
  Scoville units
• Use in civil and political unrest

98
Other Chemical Weapons

• Calmatives mind-altering or sleep-inducing
  weapons (benzo-, SSRI-, and anesthetic
  derivatives)
• Cramp-inducing agents
• Stink bombs (?Race specific?)
• Colored smoke as an obscurant
• Crowd control vs use in warfare
• US pilot amphetamine use

99
Biological Weapons - History

• Sixth Century BC Assyrians poison wells with rye
  ergot
• 300 BC Greeks pollute wells
• Later Romans and Persians, Classical, Medieval
  and Renaissance periods, US Civil War (General
  Johnson at Vicksburg)
• 14th Century Tatars catapulting plague-infested
  corpses

100
Biological Weapons - History

• Kochs postulates anthrax first linkage of a
  specific disease with a specific pathogen
• Louis Pasteur anthrax and cholera vaccines

101
Biological Weapons - History

• Sir Jeffrey Amherst (French and Indian Wars -
  smallpox) You would do well to try to inoculate
  the Indians, by means of blankets, to extirpate
  this execrable race
• WW I Cholera, plague, glanders, anthrax

102
Biological Weapons WW II

• Unit 731, Manchuria, Shiro Ishii
• British Operation Vegetarian (anthrax cakes /
  Germany)
• US military personnel received typhoid, smallpox,
  yellow fever and tetanus vaccines
• Those who refused subject to court martial
• c.f., Gulf War pyridostigmine, botulism vaccine

103
Biological Weapons WW II

• Unlicensed yellow fever vaccine contaminated with
  hepatitis B
• 330,000 infections
• 51,000 cases of symptomatic hep B
• Long term outcomes good

104
Biological Weapons Post WWII

• Swerdlosk
• Zimbabwe
• Okinawa, Utah, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, etc.
• 1977 H1N1 flu epidemic (likely due to lab
  accident releasing 1957 strain, NEJM)
• False alarms

105
Biological Weapons Today

• 17 countries possess ( Al Qaeda?)
• US role in supplying other nations
• e.g., 1985-1989 US companies sold to Iraq
• Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum,
  Histoplasma capsulatum, Brucella melitensis,
  Clostsridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and
  E. coli
• Despite evidence of use of chemical weapons
  against Kurds

106
Biological Weapons Today

• 1972 Biological Weapons Protocol signed by 158
  nations
• Lacks adequate enforcement mechanisms
• US has rejected enforcement (wary of foreign
  inspectors discovering military secrets and/or
  trade secrets of biotechnology and pharmaceutical
  companies)

107
Biological Weapons - Agents

• Anthrax Brucellosis Cholera
• Glanders Pneumonic plague
• Tularemia Q Fever Smallpox
• Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
• Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (e.g., Ebola)
• Botulism Staph enterotoxin B
• Ricin Mycxotoxins

108
Biological Weapons Today

• Over 1,000 labs in the U.S., operated by over 300
  government, university, and private
  organizations, registered with USDA/CDC
• More than 200 incidents of loss or accidental
  release of bioweapons reported each year
• Likely more
• Details cloaked in secrecy

109
Biological Weapons Today

• 1999 FBI at least once a day a politician,
  school, abortion clinic, or other controversial
  person or institution receives an envelope from a
  dissident containing a powder and a note
  announcing a lethal dose of anthrax

110
Biological Weapons Today

• Genetic weapons targeted at specific ethnic
  groups
• Synbio (synthetic biology)
• Publication of details re creation of novel,
  dangerous agents

111
Biological Weapons Today

• Use, along with chemical weapons, in The Drug
  War
• Fusarium oxysporum fungus to eradicate coca pants
  in Columbia Fusarium oxysporum and Pleaspora
  papaveracea fungus to eradicate opium poppies in
  Central Asia
• ? Marijuana
• Food crops also destroyed
• US, UN Drug Control Program, others

112
Biological Weapons Today

• Quarantine Issues
• Quarantine versus Isolation
• National versus foreign outbreaks / border
  control
• Adverse consequences increased risk of disease
  transmission in quarantined population, violence,
  mistrust of government, ethnic bias

113
Smallpox

• DNA virus decimated native American populations
  eradicated by WHO vaccination campaign in 1972
  genome sequenced in 1992 recreation of virus in
  lab possible in 2002
• ?Only remaining viral stocks at CDCP and in
  Siberia?
• WHO Executive Board recommended retaining stores

114
Smallpox

• Incubation period 7-17 days (avg. 12)
• Spread by droplet infection highly contagious
• Symptoms abrupt onset of F/HA/myalgias ?
  non-specific erythematous rash (most prominent on
  face and extremities, simultaneous varicella
  most prominent on trunk, successive waves) ? MSOF
  ? death

115
Smallpox

• Dx clinical, EM of vesicular fluid
• Rx isolation, post-exposure vaccination,
  supportive care, ?antivirals
• 30 fatality rate

116
Smallpox
117
Smallpox Vaccination

• Vaccinia
• US ended in 1972
• Waning (?negligible) immunity
• Effects local reaction. Lymphadenopathy

118
Smallpox Vaccination

• Side effects postvaccinial encephalitis
  (1/300,000), progressive vaccinia eczema
  vaccinatum, generalized vaccinia
• Vaccinia immune globulin may modulate
• New vaccine (Imvamune) may be safe for those with
  atopic dermatitis

119
Smallpox Vaccination

• Current recommendation isolation and vaccination
  / VIG for close contacts
• Vaccination of all US citizens not feasible
• Inadequate supplies
• Several hundred deaths
• ? Diversion of resources from usual childhood
  vaccines
• ? vaccinate health professionals, public servants
• Infectivity, disability, workmans comp issues

120
Anthrax

• Bacillus anthracis, aerobic, G, spore-forming
  rod
• Zoonosis
• Invisible and odorless when aerosolized

121
Anthrax

• 1979 accidental release at Swerdlosk (USSR) 250
  cases, 100 deaths, town abandoned due to
  contamination
• 1997 Aum Shrinko cult attempted aerosol
  dispersal unsuccessful

122
Anthrax

• Est. 50kg release over urban center of 5 million
  people would sicken 250K and kill 100K
• 100 kg release would have the same of
  casualties as a hydrogen bomb explosion

123
Cutaneous Anthrax

• 2000 cases/yr worldwide
• Due to exposure to infected animals / animal
  products
• Epidemic in Zimbabwe, 1989-1995 10,000 cases

124
Cutaneous Anthrax

• Incubation period 1-10 days (avg. 5)
• Pruritic macule or papule day 1
• Round ulcer day 2
• Black eschar follows resolves over 1-2 weeks
• Painful lymphadenopathy

125
Cutaneous Anthrax

• Antibiotic Rx (doxy, cipro, pcn) decreases
  likelihood of systemic disease
• Fatality rate 20 without antibiotics rare with
  antibiotics
• Following 9/11 11 cases

126
Cutaneous Anthrax - Ulcer
127
Cutaneous Anthrax - Eschar
128
Gastrointestinal Anthrax

• From ingestion of poorly cooked, infected meat
• Oropharyngeal ulcers LAN edema sepsis
• Terminal ileal / cecal lesion - N/V/bloody
  D/acute abdomen/ascites/sepsis
• Rx Abx (doxy, cipro, pcn), supportive care

129
Inhalational Anthrax

• Stage I
• begins 2-43 days post-exposure
• F/dyspnea/cough/HA/V/Ch/weakness/AP/CP
• Lasts a few hours to a few days

130
Inhalational Anthrax

• Stage II
• F/dyspnea/diaphoresis/shock
• CXR with widened mediastinum due to
  lymphadenopathy
• pleural effusions
• 50 develop hemorrhagic meningitis meningismus,
  delirium and obtundation
• Rapid progression to cyanosis, hypotension and
  death

131
Inhalational AnthraxWidened Mediastinum
132
Inhalational Anthrax
133
Inhalational Anthrax

• Dx blood cultures, XR/CT, post-mortem serology
  not helpful
• Case fatality rate approx. 50

134
Anthrax

• Post-exposure prophylaxis ciprofloxacin and
  doxycycline for 60 days
• Rx
• Combinations of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin,
  linezolid, meropenem, clindamycin) monoclonal
  antibody antitoxins (raxibacumab) Anthrasil
  (anthrax immune globulin)
• Drain effusions
• Supportive care

135
Anthrax Vaccine

• 3 or 4 dose series
• US armed service members
• Side effects HA 0.4, local rxn 3.6, mild
  systemic SEs in 1
• Manufacturer Bioport
• Contract to produce 4.6 million doses for the DOD

136
Anthrax Vaccine

• Pre/post exposure vaccination
• Improved vaccine under development
• Testing considered unethical
• ?Groups to vaccinate?
• Antibody testing may help guide

137
Anthrax The Band
138
Non-lethal weapons

• High-power microwaves (crammed into cruise
  missiles, discharge a huge energy pulse to damage
  electronics)
• Soft bombs
• E.g., carbon fiber showers to short circuit
  electrical power grids (used in former Yugoslavia
  and in Gulf War I)

139
Non-lethal Weapons Proposed and Under
Development

• Acoustic weapons
• Acoustic bullets
• Curdler unit shrieks, clangs
• Infrasound penetrates most buildings and
  vehicles, causes nausea, diarrhea,
  disorientation, internal organ damage and even
  death
• Squawk box intolerable ultrasound pulses

140
Non-lethal Weapons Proposed and Under
Development

• Optical weapons
• Photic driver ultrasound plus stroboscopic
  infrared flasher to penetrate closed eyelids and
  cause seizures
• Psycho-correction devices send subliminal
  visual and aural messages

141
Non-lethal Weapons Proposed and Under
Development

• Barrier Weapons
• Slick coatings slippery like ice
• Sticky foam (used by US in Somalia)
• Obscurants
• Colored smoke felt to cause more psychological
  panic than white smoke
• Markers
• Fluorescent powder visible under UV light
• Sponge grenades impregnated with infrared dye
• To mark targets

142
Non-lethal Weapons Proposed and Under
Development

• Riot Control
• Invisible tear gas
• Electrical
• Police or soldiers jacket which jolts anyone who
  touches it
• Cattle prods (malicious and accidental use by
  civilians)

143
Non-lethal Weapons Proposed and Under
Development

• Biotechnical
• Biodegrading microbes (to destroy fuel)
• Genetic code alterations (to create
  less-than-lethal but long-term disablements,
  perhaps for generations, thereby creating a
  societal burden)
• Neuro-implants for behavior modification
• Project Agile (1996) race-specific stink bombs
• Pheromones (to impair human and animal
  reproduction mark individuals for assaults by
  killer bees, other animals or pests)

144
Non-lethal Weapons Proposed and Under
Development

• Holograms
• God/gods/other religious figures or symbols
• Soldier forces
• Death, dead comrades
• Others

145
Other WMDs

• Small arms
• 90 of the 300,000 yearly deaths from violent
  conflict
• Land mines
• 110 million planted since 1960 in 70 countries
• 24,000 deaths/yr (est.), tens of thousands more
  disabled
• Cluster bombs

146
American Weapons Gone AWOL

• Iraq U.S. supplied Saddam Hussein, arms
  ultimately used against U.S. in Iraq Wars 30 of
  weapons given to Iraqi forces between 2004 and
  2007 never accounted for more recently,
  U.S.-supplied weaons finding their way to ISIS
  and Iranian-backed Shiite militias

147
American Weapons Gone AWOL

• Afghanistan U.S. armed anti-Soviet soldiers,
  weapons ultimately ended up with Taliban 40 of
  those recently given to Afghan army and police
  cant be traced
• Libya guns sent from Qatar as part of
  U.S.-approved deal (2011) now with Islamic
  militants

148
American Weapons Gone AWOL

• Somalia almost ½ of arms supplied to Uganda and
  Burundi to fight al-Shabaab sold off by underpaid
  troops, ended up with Somali militants
• Yemen U.S. lost track of 500 million worth of
  small arms and other gear it sent to Yemeni
  government before 2015 collapse

149
High Tech Warfare

• Internet viruses, worms, etc. designed to disable
  water and power systems, air traffic control,
  communications, etc.
• E.g., Stuxnet computer worm Iranian nuclear
  facilities
• Robotic armies
• Nanotech weapons
• Other weapons of the future (?present?)

150
Health Care System Preparedness for Weapons of
Mass Destruction

• Congressional panel estimates gt 50 chance of
  terrorist act involving WMDs by 2013
• ERs/hospital systems inadequately prepared
• Funds low

151
Health Care System Preparedness for Weapons of
Mass Destruction

• US public health / emergency care system already
  in disarray
• 80 of states facing budget cuts or holdbacks
• Medicaid over budget in 23 states

152
Costs of Militarization

• US over ½ of discretionary tax dollars spent on
  the military
• Increased spending on nuclear weapons
• Inadequate spending to prevent the spread of
  chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons

153
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154
Discretionary Federal Spending (2013)
155
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156
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157
World Military Spending (2012)
158
Missile Defense ShieldThe Militarization of Space

• Star Wars program proceeding, despite
• Astronomical cost est. 100 billion
• Strong opposition by scientific community
• Spectacular failures in 2/4 tests, despite highly
  structured conditions
• Abandonment of ABM Treaty by Bush administration

159
Missile Defense ShieldThe Militarization of Space

• Shield or very porous umbrella
• Easily overwhelmed and fooled by inexpensive
  decoys
• No protection against internal accidents or
  terrorists bringing weapon onto US soil or dirty
  bomb
• Proposed use of moon for spy observatories and
  weapons

160
Dwight Eisenhower

• The problem in defense spending is to figure out
  how far you should go without destroying from
  within that which you are trying to protect from
  without

161
Meanwhile...Social Injustices Abound

• 49 million Americans lack health insurance
• 25 of US children live in poverty
• Homelessness, public educational system a
  shambles, increasing jail populations, AIDS, etc.
• Mass extinction, global warming
• 2.5 billion people worldwide live in abject
  poverty (earn less than 500 per year, lack
  access to clean drinking water)

162
Environmental Consequences of Militarization

• Worlds single largest polluter
• 8 of global air pollution
• 2-11 of raw material use
• Almost all high and low level radioactive waste

163
The US Military

• Owns an amount of land equal to North Korea or
  Kentucky (25 million acres)
• Much of it polluted
• Cleanup cost estimates in the hundreds of
  billions
• 2000 abandoned firing ranges
• E.g., Kahoolawe
• 60 people killed by unexploded ordnance since WWII

164
Health Costs of Militarization

• 3 hours of world arms spending annual WHO
  budget
• ½ day of world arms spending immunization for
  all the worlds children
• 3 days of US arms spending amount spent on
  health, education and welfare programs for US
  children in one year

165
Health Costs of Militarization

• 3 weeks of world arms spending primary health
  care for all in poor countries, including safe
  drinking water and full immunizations
• Brain drain 2/3 of US scientists work in
  military-industrial complex (similar in Russia
  during cold war much work has widespread
  applicability)

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167
Military Spending and Jobs

• 1 billion in military spending generates 11,200
  jobs
• 15,1000 in consumer goods production
• 16,800 in green energy development
• 17,200 in health care
• 26,700 in education

168
Skewed Priorities

• The world spends 1.8 trillion/year on military
  goods and services
• For 25 of this, we could
• Eliminate starvation and malnutrition
• Provide shelter for all
• Eliminate illiteracy
• Provide clean and safe water
• Prevent soil erosion

169
Skewed Priorities

• Prevent global warming
• Stop deforestation
• Aid all refugees
• Retire developing nations debt
• Provide clean, safe energy (through efficiency
  and renewables)

170
Skewed Priorities

• Prevent acid rain
• Fix the ozone hole
• Stabilize world population
• Provide basic universal health care and AIDS
  control
• Eliminate nuclear weapons and land mines

171
Were Number One

• U.S. 1 in military spending
• 17 in education
• 26 in infant mortality
• 37 in life expectancy and overall health

172
DOD Announcement(September, 2011)

• Pentagon Lacks Funding to Fix Public Schools on
  Military Bases

173
Dwight Eisenhower

• Every gun that is made, every rocket fired,
  signifies in the final sense a theft from those
  who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold
  and not clothed

174
Dwight Eisenhower

• This world is not spending money alone. It is
  spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of
  its scientists, the hopes of its children. This
  is not a way of life at all, in any true sense.
  Under the cloud of threatening war, it is
  humanity hanging from a cross of iron.

175
Martin Luther King

• A nation that continues year after year to
  spend more money on military defense than on
  programs of social uplift is approaching
  spiritual death.

176
Worldwide Economic Impact of Violence

• 10 trillion/yr
• 1 of global GDP
• 1,350/U.S. citizen

177
Military Spending

• US ½ of discretionary tax dollars spent on the
  military
• US military budget represents 34 of total world
  military budget (1.7 trillion in 2011)
• Iraq/Afghanistan Wars likely to cost 4-5 trillion

178
World Military Spending (2012)(1.8 trillion in
2012 U.S. 34 of total)
179
Military Spending

• The U.S. will spend over 1 trillion on national
  security in 2015 (more than 50 of its average
  through the Cold War and the Vietnam War)
• Does not include gt 80 billion/yr for interest on
  military-related share of national debt

180
U.S. National Security Spending (2015, est.)

• 580 billion for Pentagons baseline budget pls
  overseas contingency funds
• 20 billion to Dept. of Energy for nuclear
  weapons
• Nearly 200 billion for military pensions, VA
  costs, and other expenses

181
War and Peace

• World military budget
• 230X what the UN spends on peacekeeping
• US
• Largest arms supplier
• 66 billion in annual sales (2011) ¾ of global
  market
• Russia second with 5 billion in annual sales
• Profits at top 5 defense firms up 450 since 2002
• Greatest debtor to U.N. (including U.N.
  peacekeeping fund)

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184
Arms Exports
185
Arms Imports
186
Top Recipients of U.S. Military Aid

• Israel
• Egypt
• Iraq
• Pakistan
• Jordan
• Columbia
• Somalia

187
Costs of Wars (2010 dollars, inflation-adjusted)

• American Revolution 2.4 billion
• War of 1812 1.6 billion
• Mexican War 2.4 billion
• Civil War (both sides) 79.8 billion
• Spanish American War 9 billion

188
Costs of Wars (2010 dollars, inflation-adjusted)

• World War I 334 billion
• World War II 4.1 trillion
• Korean War 341 billion
• Vietnam War 738 billion
• Gulf War I 102 billion
• Iraq/Afghanistan Wars likely to cost 4-5
  trillion

189
Economic Cost of War, U.S.
190
US Foreign Aid

• US ranks 21st in the world in foreign aid as a
  percentage of GDP (0.16, versus UN recommended
  0.07)
• Foreign Aid
• 1/3 military
• 1/3 economic
• 1/3 food and development
• US worlds second largest arms exporter

191
Major Defense Contractors

• Lockheed Martin Corp.
• Northrop Grumman Corp.
• Boeing Corp.
• Raytheon Corp.
• General Dynamics Corp.
• KBR, Inc.
• Large lobbying contingent donate large amounts
  each election cycle

192
September 11, 2001
193
World Trade Center Bombing

• 3300 fatalities - foreign nationals outnumbered
  Americans
• Over 18,000 people suffering health problems
  linked to attack and rescue
• Multiple toxins in air and rubble
• Zadroga Act (2010) provides funds for monitoring,
  treatment, and victim compensation

194
World Trade Center Bombing

• Environmental health consequences unknown
• 300-400 tons asbestos
• 130,000 gallons of transformer oil contaminated
  with PCBS
• Lead, sulfuric acid, silicon
• Fine dust particles

195
September 11, 2001

• Pentagon 286 casualties
• Pennsylvania approximately 100 casualties

196
The War on Terror(The War on Afghanistan, Iraq,
and ?)

• May last 50 or more years Cheney
• Afghanistan
• Ruled by repressive
• human-(womens-)rights-abusing Taliban, then
  corrupt quasi-democratic kleptocracy
• Potential transit route for oil and gas pipeline
  from Central Asia
• Strategic importance in Middle East

197
Afghanistan

• Population 27 million
• Life expectancy 46 years
• Literacy rate 32
• Avg. annual income 280

198
Afghanistan

• Negligible infrastructure secondary to decades of
  civil war
• 1 of every 230 persons is a land mine amputee
• Infant mortality 146/1000
• 50 of children malnourished 33 are orphans

199
Afghanistan/Iraq Parallels

• 10 years of sanctions, bombings resulting in
  500,000 to 1,000,000 deaths (per UN)
• UN Devt. Index 126/174
• Infant mortality rates jumped from 65/1000
  (pre-Gulf War I) to 103/1000 (2003)
• Life expectancy decreased from 62 to 56

200
Afghanistan/Iraq Parallels

• Literacy decreased from 89 to 57
• Infrastructure devastated, environment degraded
• Rebuilding post-war?

201
What goes around comes around

• 1980s CIA arms Afghan rebels with hundreds of
  Stinger missiles
• Late 2002 Terrorists using a similar
  Russian-made version of Stinger almost bring down
  Israeli passenger airline over Kenya
• CIA trying to buy back, but most unaccounted for
• Can shoot down a plane at up 6000-8000 feet
• 24 diverted to Iran

202
Before Gulf War I

• US sells weapons to Iraq/Hussein
• Including components to produce WMDs
• Rumsfeld visits Baghdad to promote US weapons
  sales
• US minimally perturbed when Hussein gasses 4000
  Kurds, torpedoes US naval vessel

203
Gulf War I

• 105,000 military and 110,000 civilian deaths
  (almost all Iraqis)
• Over 2.25 million refugees
• 2/3 of US casualties from friendly fire
• Cost 61 billion (82 billion in 2003 dollars)
• US pays only 1/6 of cost (most from Saudi Arabia,
  Kuwait, Germany and Japan)
• Environmental devastation
• 48 billion in claims to UN

204
Kuwaiti Oil Fires
205
War Deaths (as of 6/14)

• Second Iraq War
• 4,486 U.S. soldiers
• 17,000 Iraqi military
• Estimates of civilian deaths range from 150,000
  violent deaths to 1 million deaths
• U.S. Afghan War
• Over 2,000 U.S. soldiers 1,200 coalition forces
• Estimated 20,000 civilians

206
Gulf War II

• Financial cost of war 4-5 trillion (est.)
• Includes fighting, rebuilding, veterans health
  care, economic losses, etc.
• Global travel industry expected to lose over 500
  billion
• Distraction from North Korea, other threats
• Shock and awe battle plan targeting
  infrastructure explicitly prohibited by the
  Geneva Conventions

207
Gulf War II - Iraq

• 96 of of the 9.1 billion allocated to the
  Development Fund for Iraq unaccounted for
• Special Inspector General for Iraq
  Reconstruction, 2010
• Ongoing audit of another 53 billion fund
  ongoing, but has already uncovered numerous
  instances of waste, fraud, and abuse (total for
  Iraq and Afghanisatan between 31 billion and 60
  billion as of 2011)

208
Gulf War II - Iraq

• WMDs found by U.S. troops
• Ones U.S. had sold to Iraq
• Major health consequences among U.S. soldiers
  dismantling
• Kept secret by Bush administration
• Veterans unable to file health claims
• Not all disposed of some now in ISIL-controlled
  territory
• Exposed by media, 2014

209
Contemporary Wars

• Casualties among soldiers, civilians continue
• More US soldiers have committed suicide than have
  died in Afghan War
• More military contractors killed than US soldiers

210
Contemporary Wars

• Casualties among soldiers, civilians continue
• Veteran health care needs massive (TBI in 10-20
  of U.S. soldiers, psychiatric disorders, etc.)
• 26 of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans are
  uninsured and not part of the VA health care
  system
• Young veterans ½ believe war in Afghanistan was
  not worth fighting 60 for Iraq War

211
Contemporary Wars

• Libya, Syria
• Coming Soon Iran? Ukraine? ISIL? South China
  Sea?
• Privatization of war and national security
  enterprises
• Plans for militarization of the U.S./Mexico
  border

212
George W Bushs Military Record

• February, 1968 States desire to be pilot scores
  in 25th percentile in pilot aptitude section of
  Air Force officers test.
• May, 1968 Enlists in Texas Air National Guard
  jumps list with assistance of Texas House
  Speaker pledges two years of active duty and
  four years of reserve duty

213
George W Bushs Military Record

• June, 1968 Student deferment expires
• September, 1968 Pulls inactive duty to serve on
  Florida Senators re-election campaign
• November, 1968 Re-activated

214
George W Bushs Military Record

• November, 1970 Promoted to First Lieutenant,
  rejected by UT Law School
• Spring, 1970 Hired by Texas agricultural
  importer to shuttle plants to/from Florida
• June, 1970 Joins Guards Champagne Unit,
  flying with sons of Texas elite

215
George W Bushs Military Record

• May, 1972 Transfers to Alabama Guard unit so he
  can work on Senator Blounts re-election campaign
• His commanding officer states he never showed up
  for duty
• Grounded for missing a mandatory physical

216
George W Bushs Military Record

• Returns to Houston but never reports for Guard
  duty
• December, 1972 DUI arrest
• October, 1973 Air National Guard relieves him
  from commitment 8 months early, allowing him to
  attend Harvard Business School

217
US Nuclear Weapons PoliciesUnder GW Bush

• Nuclear Posture Review expands scope of use of
  nuclear weapons, including first-strike against
  non-nuclear states
• Withdrawal from ABM Treaty
• Boycotted Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
  Conference
• Budgeted money to resume nuclear testing and
  development
• Possible use of nuclear-powered predator drones

218
U.S. Nuclear Policy Under Obama

• U.S. retains first strike option against nuclear
  states
• START treaty signed by Obama, Putin
• Awaiting Senate approval
• Will limit US and Russia to 1,550 long-range
  warheads (still overkill)

219
Phillip Berrigan

• Nuclear weapons are the scourge of the earth to
  mine for them, manufacture them, deploy them, use
  them, is a curse against God, the human family,
  and the earth itself.

220
Disturbing TrendsThe Patriot Act

• Passed with minimal debate, most Congresspersons
  acknowledge not reading
• Increased governmental and corporate secrecy
  polluters subject to decreased public scrutiny
• Erosion of civil liberties deportations,
  accused held without charge/access to legal
  counsel
• 70,000 individuals on governments list